Pathophysiology

Data

Official data in SubjectManager for the following academic year: 2022-2023

Course director

Number of hours/semester

lectures: 42 hours

practices: 0 hours

seminars: 28 hours

total of: 70 hours

Subject data

  • Code of subject: OPO-KTN-T
  • 5 kredit
  • Pharmacy
  • Med.-biol. theoretical module and practical skills modul
  • spring
Prerequisites:

OPO-EN2-T completed

Exam course:

no

Course headcount limitations

min. 5

Topic

The main goal of the curriculum is to introduce the students on a preclinical level to the basic dysfunctions of individual organs and organ systems, to make them acquainted with the inherited and acquired etiological factors, with the pathogenesis and pathomechanism of diseases, and with the possible compensatory or adaptive mechanisms and system interactions.
The topics covered (among others) include pathophysiologic aspects of circulation, respiration, energy homeostasis, thermoregulation, renal-, endocrine-, gastrointestinal functions, acid-base and salt-water balance with special focus on pathomechanisms fundamentally linked to target sites of the most prescribed drugs as well as on iatrogenic risks in connection with the main- and side-effects of drugs.
Since the mean age of the patients is growing higher in most parts of the world, the gerontological aspects of functional changes are embedded into the curriculum throughout the course. The course is important to understand the clinical symptoms, as well as the possible pharmacological or other interventions and steps of prevention.

Lectures

  • 1. The contextual position of Pathophysiology in pharmacists? curriculum - Dr. Garai János
  • 2. Health and disease. Pathogens, disease course, symptoms, prognosis, therapy, prevention etc. - Dr. Garai János
  • 3. Inflammation & injury - Dr. Garai János
  • 4. Pathophysiology of coronary circulation I - Dr. Garai János
  • 5. Pathophysiology of coronary circulation II - Dr. Garai János
  • 6. Disorders of cerebral circulation - Dr. Garai János
  • 7. Regulation of blood pressure, its abnormalities, hypertension - Dr. Garai János
  • 8. Consequences of hypertension, and prevention thereof - Dr. Garai János
  • 9. Heart failure (central circulatory failure) - Dr. Garai János
  • 10. Peripheral circulatory failure (shock) - Dr. Garai János
  • 11. Sepsis (SIRS) - Dr. Garai János
  • 12. Multiple organ dysfunction/failure (MODS, MOF) - Dr. Garai János
  • 13. Disorders of the control of breathing. Sleep apnea syndrome - Dr. Garai János
  • 14. Pathophysiology of ventilation mechanics. Obstructive & restrictive disorders - Dr. Garai János
  • 15. Abnormalities of gas exchange - Dr. Garai János
  • 16. Respiratory failure, forms of tissue hypoxia. - Dr. Garai János
  • 17. Dyspnea - Dr. Garai János
  • 18. Pathophysiology of physical exercise - Dr. Garai János
  • 19. Acid-base disorders: the role of buffers - Dr. Garai János
  • 20. Role of breathing and the kidney in anomalies of pH-homeostasis - Dr. Garai János
  • 21. Basic mechanisms of glomerular and tubular function anomalies - Dr. Garai János
  • 22. Forms of acute renal failure - Dr. Garai János
  • 23. Mechanisms of chronic renal failure - Dr. Garai János
  • 24. Uraemia, uraemic coma - Dr. Garai János
  • 25. Disorders of thermoregulation: introduction / fever - Dr. Garai János
  • 26. Disorders of thermoregulation: fever & hyperthermia, heat shock - Dr. Garai János
  • 27. Hypothermia - Dr. Garai János
  • 28. Energetic balance, nutritional status, starvation (total/partial), malnutrition - Dr. Garai János
  • 29. Obesity, metabolic syndrome - Dr. Garai János
  • 30. Diabetes mellitus (DM) syndrome: definition, classification - Dr. Garai János
  • 31. Pathogenesis of DM syndromes - Dr. Garai János
  • 32. Acute complications of DM - Dr. Garai János
  • 33. Chronic complications of DM - Dr. Garai János
  • 34. Disorders of the hypothalamo-pituitary system and pathophysiology of growth - Dr. Garai János
  • 35. Thyroid gland disorders - Dr. Garai János
  • 36. Adrenal gland dysfunctions - Dr. Garai János
  • 37. Disorders of swallowing, filling- and emptying of the stomach, vomiting. - Dr. Garai János
  • 38. GI tract disorders: ileus, malabsorption diarrhea, constipation - Dr. Garai János
  • 39. Pancreatic disorders - Dr. Garai János
  • 40. Pathophysiology of liver function, liver damage - Dr. Garai János
  • 41. Forms of icterus - Dr. Garai János
  • 42. Portal hypertension, ascites, hepatic coma - Dr. Garai János

Practices

Seminars

  • 1. The contextual position of Pathophysiology in pharmacists' curriculum
  • 2. Health and disease. Pathogens, disease course, signs & symptoms, therapy, prevention
  • 3. ECG analysis, basic aspects
  • 4. Common anomalies of repolarisation
  • 5. ECG of acute myocardial infarct
  • 6. Abnormal impulse formation
  • 7. Abnormal impulse conduction
  • 8. Complex ECG-abnormalities
  • 9. Theory of respiratory function tests
  • 10. Demonstration of respiratory function tests in practice
  • 11. Acid-base balance, functionality of defense systems, major challenges
  • 12. Acid-base disorders
  • 13. Salt-water balance (Osmo- & volume homeostasis), the regulators and effectors
  • 14. Disorders of salt-water balance
  • 15. Disorders of metabolism I: Lipoproteins, hyperlipidemias, atherosclerosis
  • 16. Disorders of metabolism II: Abnormal aminoacid metabolism, hyperuricemia, gout
  • 17. Potassium homeostasis
  • 18. Hyperkalemias, hypokalemias
  • 19. Pathophysiology of vitamins and trace elements
  • 20. Hypo- & hypervitaminoses
  • 21. Disorders of Ca, P homeostasis, osteoporosis, osteomalacia
  • 22. Vitamin-D, parathormone, hypo- & hypercalcemia
  • 23. Anaemia, polycythemia
  • 24. Disorders of hemostasis, DIC
  • 25. Disorders of swallowing, filling- and emptying of the stomach, vomiting.
  • 26. GI tract motility problems I: Diarrhea, constipation
  • 27. GI tract motility problems II: ileus / Malabsorption syndromes
  • 28. Pre-exam discussion of particular questions requested by the students.

Reading material

Obligatory literature

Basically the knowledge of topics dealt with at the lectures and seminars is the requirement at the exams.
- Prof. Miklós Székely (ed.): Basic Principles of Pathophysiology, department notes for medical students, 2006,
- S. Silbernagl, F. Lang: Color Atlas of Pathophysiology, Thieme Stuttgart; New York, 2000 (useful for final preparation)
- Martin M. Zdanowicz: Essentials of Pathophysiology for Pharmacy, CRC Press 2002
Handouts on http://www.pote.hu/index.php?page=egyseg&egy_id=150&menu=okt_anyag&nyelv=eng

Literature developed by the Department

Basically the knowledge of topics dealt with at the lectures and seminars is the requirement at the exams.
- Prof. Miklós Székely (ed.): Basic Principles of Pathophysiology, department notes for medical students, 2006,
- S. Silbernagl, F. Lang: Color Atlas of Pathophysiology, Thieme Stuttgart; New York, 2000 (useful for final preparation)
- Martin M. Zdanowicz: Essentials of Pathophysiology for Pharmacy, CRC Press 2002
Handouts on http://www.pote.hu/index.php?page=egyseg&egy_id=150&menu=okt_anyag&nyelv=eng

Notes

Basically the knowledge of topics dealt with at the lectures and seminars is the requirement at the exams.
- Prof. Miklós Székely (ed.): Basic Principles of Pathophysiology, department notes for medical students, 2006,
- S. Silbernagl, F. Lang: Color Atlas of Pathophysiology, Thieme Stuttgart; New York, 2000 (useful for final preparation)
- Martin M. Zdanowicz: Essentials of Pathophysiology for Pharmacy, CRC Press 2002
Handouts on http://www.pote.hu/index.php?page=egyseg&egy_id=150&menu=okt_anyag&nyelv=eng

Recommended literature

Basically the knowledge of topics dealt with at the lectures and seminars is the requirement at the exams.
- Prof. Miklós Székely (ed.): Basic Principles of Pathophysiology, department notes for medical students, 2006,
- S. Silbernagl, F. Lang: Color Atlas of Pathophysiology, Thieme Stuttgart; New York, 2000 (useful for final preparation)
- Martin M. Zdanowicz: Essentials of Pathophysiology for Pharmacy, CRC Press 2002
Handouts on http://www.pote.hu/index.php?page=egyseg&egy_id=150&menu=okt_anyag&nyelv=eng

Conditions for acceptance of the semester

Max. 3 misses from seminars (15%/28) can be tolerated.
On the interim written test (ZH) a 50% achievement is the precondition for entering the oral exam.
The person(s) not achieving 50% or not participating at the interim test must answer 10 Minimum Questions within 10 minutes in writing just prior to the oral exam. 80% achievement is the precondition for entering the exam.
Passing the minimum questions in this case, however, is only a prerequisite, but is not sufficient on its own for a successful exam.

Mid-term exams

Egyéni

Making up for missed classes

Writing an essay from the topic of the missed seminar

Exam topics/questions

?A? exam is absolved by filling out a test based on the exam questions. ?B? and ?C? exams are absolved orally with answering three questions drawn.

Pathophysiology of water-soluble vitamins and trace elements
Pathophysiology of fat-soluble vitamins
Complete starvation
Partial starvation, accelerated forms of energetic insufficiency, anorexia nervosa
Obesity: criteria, classification, epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis. Metabolic syndrome
Protein deficiency, protein-calorie malnutrition, senile sarcopenia
Pathobiochemistry of LDL-metabolism, hyperlipoproteinemias
Hypoglycemias
Etiology and pathogenesis of DM1.
Etiology and pathogenesis of DM2.
Diabetic coma (ketoacidotic & hyperosmolar forms)
Late complications of diabetes mellitus (including pathobiochemistry thereof)
Pathophysiology of the pituitary, anomalies of growth
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Glucocorticoid hyperfunctional states
Pathophysiological aspects of glucocorticoid therapy
Adrenal (cortex) insufficiency
Hyperaldosteronisms
Hyper- and hypocalcemia
Osteoporosis, osteomalacia
General pathophysiology and consequences of anemias and polycythemia
Deficiency anemias
Aplastic anemias
Hemolytic anemias
Congenital and acquired coagulopathies
Bleeding abnormalities due to vascular factors
Disorders of platelet functions
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Thrombophilia, thrombosis: causes and consequences
Pathophysiology of peptic ulcer
Disorders of gastric filling and emptying, vomiting
Malabsorption syndromes
Diarrhea: causes, pathophysiological forms, consequences
Bowel obstruction (ileus)
Obstipation, diverticulosis
Jaundice (conjugated & non-conjugated hyperbilirubinemias)
Pathophysiological aspect of hepatic detoxifying system
Toxic- and idiosynchratic liver damage
Hepatic coma
Liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, ascites
Pancreatitis (acute & chronic): pathophysiology and consequences.
Hypothermia
Heat stroke, malignant hyperthermia
Pathophysiology of fever, its biological value, basic aspects of antifebrile strategies
Inflammation, forms of manifestation, basic pathomechanisms
Main groups and important representatives of inflammatory mediators
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), multiple organ failure (MOF)
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis: causes, compensation, consequences
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis: causes, compensation, consequences
Hyperkalaemia
Hypokalaemia
Mechanisms and disorders of volume regulation, abnormal distribution of extracellular fluid (edema)
Mechanisms and disorders of osmoregulation, states with hypo- and hypertonicity
Cardiovascular adaptation to physical exercise in healthy persons and patients with heart disease
Pathophysiology of coronary insufficiency, risk factors
Pathomechanism and consequences of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
Pathophysiology of heart failure
Cardiomyopathies
Cerebral hypoxia, ischemia, stroke
Pulmonary hypertension.
General pathophysiology and classification of systemic hypertension
Primary (essential) hypertension: characteristics, etiological factors, consequences
Hypertension and the kidneys (reciprocal connection)
Hypertension and the adrenal gland
Vasovagal syncope and other states with hypotension
Circulatory shock: definition, classification, pathophysiology, phases and characteristics of microcirculation
Hypovolemic shock
Distributive shock
Cardiogenic shock
Forms of extrasystole (premature beats)
Pre-excitation syndromes, forms and consequences of paroxysmal tachycardia
Flutter and fibrillation: atrial and ventricular
Nomotopic and passive heterotopic abnormalities of impulse formation
Abnormalities of atrioventricular conduction (AV blocks)
Intraventricular conduction abnormalities (bundle branch blocks)
Atrial and ventricular axis deviations
Primary repolarization abnormalities in the ECG: ECG in angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction
Disorders of the control of breathing. Sleep-apnea syndrome (OSAS, CSAS)
Causes and consequences of increased airway resistance, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Alveolar hypoventilation and hyperventilation, causes and consequences
Forms and mechanisms of hypoxia, ways of compensation, cyanosis
Disorders of oxygen transport (abnormal hemoglobin, CO-poisoning, methemoglobinemia)
Partial and complete respiratory failure, dyspnea
Principles of basic respiratory function tests, parameters of restrictive and obstructive breathing mechanics
Pathophysiology of glomerular filtration
Disorders of tubular functions
Acute renal failure: causes, forms, general and specific features
Chronic renal failure: causes, characteristics and progression
Uraemia
Hyperuricemia, gout
Disturbances of amino acid metabolism, (phenylketonuria, hyperhomocysteinaemia etc.)

Examiners

  • Dr. Garai János
  • Dr. Székely Miklós

Instructor / tutor of practices and seminars

  • Dr. Garai János
  • Dr. Garami András
  • Dr. Hegyi Eszter
  • Dr. Soós Szilvia
  • Dr. Varjú-Solymár Margit