Pathophysiology 1

Data

Official data in SubjectManager for the following academic year: 2022-2023

Topic

Pathophysiology for dental students-1 connects basic functional and clinical subjects. Together with other preclinical subjects, it deals mainly with etiology, time-course, clinical symptoms and possible pharmacological or other interventions related to abnormalities of the cardiovascular, respiratory, hematological and renal systems, as well as with disorders of salt/water and pH balance.

Lectures

• 1. Heart failure. - Dr. Balaskó Márta
• 2. Peripheral circulatory failure: vasovagal syncope, circulatory shock (definition, forms and their causes, phases). - Dr. Balaskó Márta
• 3. The consequences of circulatory shock. Pathophysiology of coronary circulation. - Dr. Balaskó Márta
• 4. Pathophysiology of the cerebral and pulmonary circulation. - Dr. Balaskó Márta
• 5. Hypertension. - Dr. Balaskó Márta
• 6. Pathophysiology of the regulation and mechanics of breathing. - Dr. Balaskó Márta
• 7. Ventilation/perfusion mismatch. Disorders of the alveolo-capillary diffusion. - Dr. Balaskó Márta
• 8. Restrictive/obstructive respiratory disorders, dyspnea. - Dr. Balaskó Márta
• 9. Pathophysiology of the glomerular and tubular functions. - Dr. Balaskó Márta
• 10. Chronic renal failure, uremia, uremic coma. - Dr. Balaskó Márta
• 11. Pathophysiology of the salt-water balance. - Némethné Dr. Tóth Ildikó
• 12. Disorders of the pH regulation. - Némethné Dr. Tóth Ildikó
• 13. Pathophysiology of the red blood cell system. - Dr. Balaskó Márta
• 14. Pathophysiology of hemostasis. - Dr. Balaskó Márta

Practices

Seminars

• 1. Heart failure I.
• 2. Heart failure II.
• 3. Vasoval syncope, circulatory shock (definition, forms and their respective causes, phases).
• 4. Hemodynamic parameters of different types of circulatory shock. Consequences of circulatory shock.
• 5. Pathophysiology of coronary circulation.
• 6. Failure of the coronary circulation, reversible and irreversible consequences.
• 7. Pathophysiology of pulmonary circulation.
• 8. Etiology and general pathophysiology of hypertension.
• 9. Complications of hypertension, pathophysiological principles of treatment.
• 10. Arrhythmias in the dental practice.
• 11. Alveolar hypoventilation.
• 12. Alveolar hyperventilation.
• 13. Respiratory failure I.
• 14. Respiratory failure II.
• 15. Cardio-respiratory adaptation to physical exercise I.
• 16. Cardio-respiratory adaptation to physical exercise II.
• 17. Pathophysiology of glomerular and tubular functions.
• 18. Acute renal failure.
• 19. Uremia, uremic coma I.
• 20. Uremia, uremic coma II.
• 21. Abnormalities of the volume and osmoregulation I.
• 22. Abnormalities of the volume and osmoregulation II.
• 23. Metabolic acidosis.
• 24. Metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.
• 25. Anemias I.
• 26. Anemias II. Polycythemias.
• 27. Pathophysiology of hemostasis.
• 28. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Reading material

Obligatory literature

Székely Miklós (editor) Basic concepts in pathopysiology. Medicina Publishing House Budapest, 2019.

Literature developed by the Department

Lecture and seminar slides will be uploaded to TEAMS.

Notes

M. Székely (ed.): Basic Concepts in Pathophysiology, ÁOK PTE, 2007

Recommended literature

Medical Problems in Dentistry, ed: Crispian Scully, Churchill Livingstone; 7th edition, 2014
S. Silbernagl, F. Lang: Color Atlas of Pathophysiology, Thieme Stuttgart - New York, 2000

Conditions for acceptance of the semester

Maximum of 15 % absence allowed

Mid-term exams

None.

Making up for missed classes

None. A maximum of 15% absences are accepted (4 x 45 min).

Exam topics/questions

Pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system for dentists.
Causes and forms of heart failure.
High output cardiac failure.
Forward failure symptoms (left- and right-sided) in heart failure.
Backward failure symptoms (left- and right-sided) in heart failure.
Collaps, vasovagal syncope, and other circulatory abnormalities leading to loss of consciousness.

Definition and classification of circulatory shock. Pathophysiology of development, phases and characteristics of microcirculation.
Hypovolemic shock: causes and hemodynamics.
Cardiogenic shock: causes and hemodynamics.
Distributive shock: causes and hemodynamics.
Organ manifestations of shock.

Coronary insufficiency, reversible and irreversible complications.
Regulation of cerebral circulation in health and disease. Cerebral hypoxia, ischemia, stroke.
Characteristics of pulmonary circulation. Pulmonary hypertension.
General pathophysiology and classification of systemic hypertension. Age and blood pressure.

Hypertension and the kidneys (reciprocal connection).
Hypertension and the adrenal gland.
Primary hypertension: characteristics and etiological factors.
Consequences of hypertension.
Arrhythmias in the dental practice.

Pathophysiology of the respiratory system for dentists.
Disorders of the control of breathing and sleep-apnea syndrome.
Pathogenesis and mechanisms of partial and global respiratory failure, consequences.
Obstructive ventilatory disorders
Restrictive ventilatory disorders.
Ventilation/perfusion mismatch, disturbances of the alveolocapillary diffusion
Alveolar hyperventilation.

Disorders of oxygen transport (abnormal hemoglobin, CO-poisoning, methemoglobinemia).
Forms and mechanisms of hypoxia. Ways of compensation. Cyanosis.
Forms, general pathophysiology and consequences of anemia.
Deficiency anemias
Hemolytic anemias
Polycythemias.
Pathophysiology of leukocytes for dentists.

Bleeding abnormalities due to platelet or vascular factors.
Congenital and acquired coagulopathies.
Thrombosis: causes and consequences.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
Pathophysiology of glomerular filtration, hypofiltration, hyperfiltration.
Disorders of tubular functions.

Hyposthenuria, asthenuria, osmotic diuresis.
Proteinurias: forms, causes and consequences.
Chronic renal failure.
Metabolic disorders and organ dysfunctions in uremia
Pathophysiology of uremia for dentists.
Acute renal failure.
Compensation of pH-abnormalities (plasma and intracellular puffers, respiration, kidney) and their disturbances.

Metabolic acidosis: causes, compensation, consequences.
Metabolic alkalosis: causes, compensation, consequences.
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis: causes, compensation, consequences.
States of decreased extracellular volume, and their consequences.
States of elevated extracellular volume: causes, mechanisms and consequences.

Hyperosmolarity, hypertonicity. Forms, causes, consequences.
Hypotonicity: pathogenesis and consequences.
Disorders of potassium balance. Hypo- and hyperkalemia.

Oral exam on the basis of 3 questions from the list above.

Examiners

• Burzánné Dr. Pétervári Erika
• Dr. Balaskó Márta

Instructor / tutor of practices and seminars

• Dr. Balaskó Márta
• Némethné Dr. Tóth Ildikó