Physiology 1

Data

Official data in SubjectManager for the following academic year: 2020-2021

Topic

The most important mission of the Physiology Course in medical education is to familiarize students with the attributes of healthy functions of the living organism.
While acquiring knowledge about the most important functional characteristics of the human body the students can rely on their prior studies in biology, biophysics, chemistry-biochemistry and anatomy.
During the semester we introduce the most important elements of functioning of the organs and organ systems, as well as their cooperation also required to adapting to the environment, and the factors affecting these processes.
Special emphasis is placed on the neural and humoral regulatory processes of these life-functions, which are vital to maintain and preserve the homeostasis of the organism.
With the transfer of all this knowledge we would like to mould a holistic attitude and thinking of students, which will enable them to better understand the functions of the now healthy, however, later dysfunctional human organism.

Lectures

• 1. Introduction. The significance of physiology in medicine. The concept of homeostasis. Homeostatic regulation. - Dr. Ábrahám István Miklós
• 2. Humoral regulatory processes. - Dr. Zelena Dóra Tímea
• 3. Cellular transport mechanisms. - Dr. Zelena Dóra Tímea
• 4. Elementary mechanisms of cellular excitability I. Membrane potential. - Dr. Jandó Gábor
• 5. Elementary mechanisms of cellular excitability II. Action potential. - Dr. Jandó Gábor
• 6. Synaptic signaling, neurochemistry of synapses. Extrasynaptic neurotransmission. - Dr. Jandó Gábor
• 7. Cellular effects of hormones and neurotransmitters: intracellular signaling pathways. - Dr. Jandó Gábor
• 8. Electrophysiology of interneuronal synapses. Function of the neuromuscular junction. - Dr. Jandó Gábor
• 9. Muscle functions. The electromechanical coupling. - Dr. Ábrahám István Miklós
• 10. Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction. The source of energy. Heat production. Fatigue. - Dr. Ábrahám István Miklós
• 11. Electrical phenomena of muscle function, electromyography, muscle tone. - Dr. Ábrahám István Miklós
• 12. Regulation of the motor unit. - Dr. Ábrahám István Miklós
• 13. Contraction of smooth muscle. - Dr. Barabás Klaudia
• 14. Functions of the sensory neurons. - Dr. Buzás Péter
• 15. The autonomic nervous system I. - Dr. Környei József László
• 16. The autonomic nervous system II. - Dr. Környei József László
• 17. Fluid compartments of the body and their chemical components. - Dr. Zelena Dóra Tímea
• 18. The blood. Inorganic and organic blood constituents. - Dr. Ollmann Tamás
• 19. Structure and metabolism of hemoglobin. - Dr. Péczely László Zoltán
• 20. Physiological role of leukocytes. - Dr. Péczely László Zoltán
• 21. AB0 and Rh blood types. - Dr. Környei József László
• 22. Mechanism of blood coagulation I. - Dr. Környei József László
• 23. Mechanism of blood coagulation II. - Dr. Környei József László
• 24. Cardiac cycle: Generation and conduction of impulses in the heart. - Dr. Szokodi István
• 25. Cardiac cycle: Electrocardiogram I. - Dr. Lénárd László Csaba
• 26. Cardiac cycle: Electrocardiogram II. - Dr. Lénárd László Csaba
• 27. Cardiac cycle: Mechanical activity of the heart. Heart sounds. - Dr. Szokodi István
• 28. Cardiac output and cardiac work. - Dr. Szokodi István
• 29. Principles of hemodynamics. - Dr. Környei József László
• 30. Blood pressure. Arterial pulse. - Dr. Környei József László
• 31. Circulation through the capillaries. - Dr. Jandó Gábor
• 32. Circulation in the veins. The formation, pressure and flow of lymph. - Dr. Jandó Gábor
• 33. Pulmonary circulation. - Dr. Jandó Gábor
• 34. Cerebral circulation. Coronary circulation. - Dr. Jandó Gábor
• 35. Splanchnic circulation. Circulation through skin and skeletal muscle. - Dr. Jandó Gábor
• 36. Regulation of the cardiovascular system: humoral mechanisms. - Dr. Lénárd László Csaba
• 37. Regulation of the cardiovascular system: neural mechanisms. - Dr. Lénárd László Csaba
• 38. Long term humoral regulation of the cardiovascular system. - Dr. László Kristóf
• 39. Physiology of the cardiovascular system: interesting clinical topics (Coronary circulation). - Dr. Horváth Iván Gábor
• 40. Mechanics of respiration. Intrathoracic pressure changes. Functions of airways. - Dr. Környei József László
• 41. Compliance. Respiratory volumes and capacities. - Dr. Környei József László
• 42. Gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. - Dr. Lénárd László Csaba
• 43. O2 and CO2 transport mechanism and pH regulation. - Dr. Buzás Péter
• 44. Chemical control of respiration. - Dr. Lénárd László Csaba
• 45. Neural regulatory mechanisms of respiration. Mechanisms of acclimatization. - Dr. Petykó Zoltán
• 46. The gastrointestinal tract. The digestive processes of the mouth. Swallowing. - Dr. Környei József László
• 47. The digestive processes of the stomach. - Dr. Környei József László
• 48. Duodenal processes. Biliary secretion. - Dr. Környei József László
• 49. Secretion and absorption in the small intestine I. - Dr. Buzásné Dr. Telkes Ildikó
• 50. Secretion and absorption in the small intestine II. - Dr. Buzásné Dr. Telkes Ildikó
• 51. Liver functions I. - Dr. Lengyel Ferenc
• 52. Liver functions II. - Dr. Lengyel Ferenc
• 53. The role of the large intestine. Stool formation and excretion. - Dr. Környei József László
• 54. Humoral and neural control of the gastrointestinal system. - Dr. László Kristóf
• 55. Energy balance. Metabolism. - Dr. Kertes Erika
• 56. Principles of good nutrition. Vitamins. - Dr. Vértes Zsuzsanna
• 57. Body temperature, hyperthermia, fever. - Dr. Kertes Erika
• 58. Peripheral and central control mechanisms of body temperature. - Dr. Kertes Erika
• 59. Principles of sport physiology. - Dr. Szokodi István
• 60. The renal glomerular function. - Dr. Környei József László
• 61. Renal blood flow. Regulation of GFR and RBF. - Dr. Környei József László
• 62. Quantitative characterization of renal function. - Dr. Környei József László
• 63. Tubular transport processes I. - Dr. László Kristóf
• 64. Tubular transport processes II. - Dr. László Kristóf
• 65. Concentrating and diluting mechanisms of the kidney. Osmoregulation. - Dr. László Kristóf
• 66. The renin-angiotensin system. - Dr. László Kristóf
• 67. Fluid volume regulation. Regulation of the potassium homeostasis. - Dr. László Kristóf
• 68. The mechanisms of micturition. - Dr. László Kristóf
• 69. Acid-base regulation I. - Dr. Jandó Gábor
• 70. Acid-base regulation II. - Dr. Jandó Gábor

Practices

• 1. Getting acquainted with the laboratory. General information, schedules. Personal- and equipment safety rules. Animal care regulations.
• 2. Introduction: transport through cell membrane, membrane potentials, action potentials, neuromuscular junction
• 3. Experiments on muscles using computer simulation
• 4. Experiments on muscles using computer simulation
• 5. Experiments on muscles using computer simulation
• 6. Experiments on muscles using computer simulation
• 7. Examination of fatigue. Electromyography.
• 8. Examination of fatigue. Electromyography.
• 9. Examinations of blood I.
• 10. Examinations of blood I.
• 11. Examinations of blood I.
• 12. Examinations of blood I.
• 13. Examinations of blood II.
• 14. Examinations of blood II.
• 15. Examinations of blood II.
• 16. Examinations of blood II.
• 17. Examinations of blood III.
• 18. Examinations of blood III.
• 19. Examinations of blood III.
• 20. Examinations of blood III.
• 21. Examinations of blood IV.
• 22. Examinations of blood IV.
• 23. Examinations of blood IV.
• 24. Examinations of blood IV.
• 25. Work stations for electrophysiological registrations. The heart and circulation I.
• 26. The heart and circulation I.
• 27. The heart and circulation I.
• 28. The heart and circulation I.
• 29. The heart and circulation II.
• 30. The heart and circulation II.
• 31. The heart and circulation II.
• 32. The heart and circulation II.
• 33. The heart and circulation III.
• 34. The heart and circulation III.
• 35. The heart and circulation III.
• 36. The heart and circulation III.
• 37. The heart and circulation IV.
• 38. The heart and circulation IV.
• 39. The heart and circulation IV.
• 40. The heart and circulation IV.
• 41. The heart and circulation V.
• 42. The heart and circulation V.
• 43. The heart and circulation V.
• 44. The heart and circulation V.
• 45. Examinations of respiration.
• 46. Examinations of respiration.
• 47. Examinations of respiration.
• 48. Examinations of respiration.
• 49. Gastrointestinal tract.
• 50. Gastrointestinal tract.
• 51. Gastrointestinal tract.
• 52. Gastrointestinal tract.
• 53. Discussion of the laboratory practicies.
• 54. Discussion of the laboratory practices.
• 55. Discussion of the laboratory practices and oral report.
• 56. Discussion of the laboratory practices and oral report.

Seminars

Reading material

Obligatory literature

Guyton & Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology (Elsevier), 13th ed., 2015.

Literature developed by the Department

Figures of the lectures given are available on the homepage of Institute of Physiology and on the Neptun Meet Street.
Important messages on new information will be announced at the lectures and will be sent to you by course mails.
Please always find the current updated information and study materials on the homepage of the Institute of Physiology (physiology.aok.pte.hu).

Notes

Homepage of PTE ÁOK Institute of Physiology: Physiology Lab Practices 1, internet study material, printable notebook, 2019
Homepage of PTE ÁOK Institute of Physiology: Physiology Lab Practice Worksheets 1, internet study material, printable notebook, 2019

Recommended literature

Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz, Thomas M. Jessel: Principles of Neural Sciences, 5th ed. 2000
Linda S. Costanzo: Physiology 5th ed., 2013;
Walter F. Boron, Emile L. Boulpaep: Medical Physiology 2nd ed. 2012

Conditions for acceptance of the semester

Maximum of 15 % absence allowed

Mid-term exams

Written test on the 11th week Friday at 16:00.

Making up for missed classes

The missed lab practice is advised to be covered by joining another group while the same topic is on schedule.

Exam topics/questions

Topics of questions for the theoretical examination:

1. Membrane potential and action potential: explain their ionic mechanisms. Membrane properties of CNS neurons
2. The compound action potential. Conductive properties of various nerve fibers
3. Neurochemistry of synapses, neurotransmitters, postsynaptic receptors and neuromodulators. EPSP, IPSP
4. The neuromuscular junction
5. Structural and functional differences between skeletal and smooth muscles. Mechanism of smooth muscle contraction
6. Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction. The regulatory role of calcium ion
7. Mechanical characteristics of muscle. Differentiation of fast and slow twitch muscle fibers. Role of the connective tissue in the function of muscles
8. Mechanism of fatigue
9. Electromyography (EMG)
10. The source of energy for muscle contraction (aerobe and anaerobe processes). Heat production during contraction-relaxation cycle
11. Describe the body fluid compartments and explain the methods used for measurement of body fluid volumes
12. Describe the major plasma proteins and the other non-electrolytic constituents of blood and explain their function in the body
13. Describe the intra- and extracellular ionic components and explain their physiological functions
14. The structure, function and origin of erythrocytes
15. Characterize the various leukocytes indicating their origins and functions
16. Origin and function of blood platelets
17. The basic structure and metabolism of hemoglobin and the metabolism of iron
18. Describe the two pathways involved in the initiation of blood coagulation
19. Specific mechanism of clot formation
20. Describe the mechanism of fibrinolysis. Explain the significance of anticlotting mechanism
21. Regulation of H+ ion concentration in the blood
22. A-B-0 blood groups. The Rh blood types
23. The role of leukocytes in the defense mechanism
24. Mechanical activity of the heart and the three-component model of heart muscle. Calcium ion movements within the cardiac muscle cell
25. Generators and conductors of impulses in the heart. Refractory periods
26. The sequence of events in the cardiac cycle
27. The human electrocardiogram (ECG). Electrocardiography: bipolar and unipolar leads
28. The heart sounds. Phonocardiography (PCG)
29. Cardiac output: measurement, normal standards and physiological variations
30. Metabolism and energetics of cardiac muscle
31. Ventricular wall tension and the Laplace relationship
32. The heart-lung preparation (Starling’s laws)
33. Arterial blood pressure: determinants of normal arterial blood pressure
34. The arterial and the venous pulse. Basic principles of hemodynamics.
35. Circulation through the capillaries
36. The properties, production and the movement of lymph
37. Circulation in the vein. Effect of gravity on circulation
38. The pulmonary circulation. Control of lung vessels
39. The coronary circulation
40. Cerebral circulation. The concept of “blood-brain barrier”
41. Splanchnic circulation
42. Skeletal muscle circulation. Cutaneous circulation
43. Nervous control of the heart
44. Control mechanisms of the circulatory system: general considerations
45. Local control of the vascular smooth muscle
46. Autoregulation of blood flow in tissues and organs
47. The function and importance of baroreceptors in the regulation of circulation
48. Reflex control mechanisms of circulation
49. Mechanisms of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation
50. Mechanics of respiration (functions of respiratory muscles, compliance, intrathoracic pressures, respiratory volumes)
51. Alveolar air, alveolar ventilation, dead spaces. Function of the respiratory passageways
52. Gaseous exchange in the lungs and tissues
53. O2 and CO2 transport in the body
54. Peripheral and central regulatory mechanisms of respiration. Respiratory reflexes
55. Chemical control of respiration. Acidosis, alkalosis
56. Different types of hypoxia. Oxygen treatment. Mechanisms of acclimatisation. Nitrogen narcosis. Decompression sickness
57. Describe the origin, composition, function and control of salivary secretion
58. Describe the origin, nature and function of gastric secretion indicating the mechanisms of regulation
59. Mechanism and regulation of gastrointestinal movements
60. Identify the pancreatic secretions, their components, their action and the substrates on which they act. Control mechanism of pancreatic secretion
61. Describe the basic ingredients and functions of the bile indicating the origin and fate of the components and the factors controlling bile secretions and gall bladder functions
62. Identify the components and functions of the intestinal system
63. Describe how carbohydrate is digested and absorbed indicating the enzymes involved
64. Describe how fat is digested and absorbed indicating the enzymes and secretions involved
65. Describe how protein is digested and absorbed indicating the enzymes and secretions involved
66. Basal metabolic rate. Describe factors influencing the basal metabolism
67. Define metabolic rate explaining those factors influencing the total expenditure of energy by the body
68. Describe the necessary elements of normal diet
69. The normal body temperature and its physiological variations. Hyperthermia, fever, hypothermia
70. Chemical regulation of body temperature, changes of regulation at low and high environmental temperature
71. Physical regulation of body temperature, changes of regulation at low and high environmental temperature
72. Central regulatory mechanisms of heat production and heat loss
73. Dynamics of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration rate. Plasma clearance
74. Renal blood flow. Clearance of PAH. Extraction ratio. Filtration fraction
75. Regulation of renal blood flow and pressure. Renin-angiotensin system
76. Reabsorption and secretion of different substances in the renal tubule. Methods for their investigation
77. Concentrating and diluting mechanisms of the kidney
78. Fluid volume regulation of the body
79. Regulation of concentrations of ions in the extracellular fluid. Regulation of osmolality of body fluids

Questions for the student lab report:

1. Hematocrit
2. Red blood cell counting
3. Mean size of red blood cells
4. Reticulocyte counting
5. White blood cell counting
6. Differential leukocyte count
7. Estimation of platelet count
8. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
9. Determination of osmotic resistance
10. Determination of hemoglobin concentration
11. MCV, MCH, MCHC values
12. Bleeding time
13. Clotting time
14. Prothrombin time
15. Blood group determination (AB0 and Rh typing)
16. Respiratory pressure and volume changes: Donders model
17. Pulmonary function tests: volumes and capacities of the human lungs
18. Pulmonary function tests: dynamic parameters of respiration.
19. Measurement of maximal respiratory pressures (The experiments of Müller and Valsalva)
20. Measurement of isolated rat lung compliance
21. How to use work stations for electrophysiological registrations?
22. Recording of heart beats "in situ"
23. Effect of thermal stimulations
24. Electric stimulation of heart and demonstration of extrasystole
25. Investigation of pacemakers and electric conduction system of heart (Ligatures of Stannius)
26. Summation in cardiac muscles
27. Bowditch's "All or nothing" law
28. Effect of ions on the isolated heart
29. Effect of adrenaline and acetylcholine on the isolated heart
30. Loewi-experiment: neurohumoral transmission
31. Electrocardiography (ECG): the ECG leads and the normal electrocardiogram
32. Phonocardiography (PCG)
33. Percussion and auscultation of the thorax
34. Examination of the arterial pulse
35. Measurement of blood pressure in human
36. Exercise physiology and physical fitness index
37. Direct measurement of blood pressure in cat: Variations in the blood pressure
38. Direct measurement of blood pressure in cat: Investigation of the effects of adrenalin and acetylcholine,
39. Direct measurement of blood pressure in cat: Stimulation of vagus nerv. The carotis sinus reflex. Effects of asphyxia
40. Circulation in the peripheral blood vessels (Trendelenburg). The circulation through capillaries of frog’s tongue
41. Gastric juice: Determination of BAO, MAO, PAO
42. Bile: detection of bile pigments
43. Feces: Detection of blood
44. Registration of single twitch, superposition, incomplete and complete tetanus
45. Effect of load (strain) and fatigue on muscle contraction.
46. Examination of fatigue in humans using the ergograph.
47. Electromyography on humans
48. Contraction and regulation of smooth muscle of the rat

Study material for the semester exam is the sum total of information covered in the obligatory textbook, on the homepage of the Institute, as well as knowledge given at the lectures and lab practices.

Examiners

• Dr. Ábrahám István Miklós
• Dr. Barabás Klaudia
• Dr. Buzás Péter
• Dr. Buzásné Dr. Telkes Ildikó
• Dr. Gálosi Rita
• Dr. Jandó Gábor
• Dr. Karádi Zoltán
• Dr. Kertes Erika
• Dr. Kóbor Péter
• Dr. Környei József László
• Dr. Kövesdi Erzsébet
• Dr. László Kristóf
• Dr. Lénárd László Csaba
• Dr. Lengyel Ferenc
• Dr. Ollmann Tamás
• Dr. Pál József
• Dr. Péczely László Zoltán
• Dr. Petykó Zoltán
• Dr. Ráczné Dr. Mikó-Baráth Eszter
• Dr. Varga Csaba
• Dr. Vértes Zsuzsanna
• Dr. Zelena Dóra Tímea
• Péliné Dr. Kovács Anita

Instructor / tutor of practices and seminars

• Dr. Jandó Gábor
• Dr. Kertes Erika
• Dr. Kóbor Péter
• Dr. László Kristóf
• Dr. Lengyel Ferenc
• Dr. Péczely László Zoltán
• Dr. Szabó István
• Dr. Varga Csaba