Human Physiology 1 - Theory

Data

Official data in SubjectManager for the following academic year: 2021-2022

Course director

Number of hours/semester

lectures: 42 hours

practices: 0 hours

seminars: 0 hours

total of: 42 hours

Subject data

  • Code of subject: OPO-H1E-T
  • 3 kredit
  • Pharmacy
  • Med.-biol. theoretical module and practical skills modul
  • autumn
Prerequisites:

OPO-AI2-T parallel , OPO-G2B-T completed , OPO-H1G-T parallel

Exam course:

no

Course headcount limitations

min. 1 – max. 220

Topic

The most important mission of the Physiology Course in medical education is to familiarize students with the attributes of healthy functions of the living organism.
While acquiring knowledge about the most important functional characteristics of the human body the students can rely on their prior studies in biology, biophysics, chemistry-biochemistry and anatomy.
During the semester we introduce the most important elements of functioning of the organs and organ systems, as well as their cooperation also required to adapting to the environment, and the factors affecting these processes.
Special emphasis is placed on the neural and humoral regulatory processes of these life-functions, which are vital to maintain and preserve the homeostasis of the organism.
With the transfer of all this knowledge we would like to mould a holistic attitude and thinking of students, which will enable them to better understand the functions of the now healthy, however, later dysfunctional human organism.

Lectures

  • 1. Introduction. Principles of the homeostatic regulations. - Dr. László Kristóf
  • 2. Cellular transport processes. Humoral control mechanisms. - Dr. Környei József László
  • 3. Basics of cellular excitability: equilibrium potential, electrotonic potential, and action potential. - Dr. Buzás Péter
  • 4. Electrophysiology of synapses. Neurochemical basis of neurotransmission. - Dr. Buzás Péter
  • 5. The functioning of the neuromuscular junction. Regulation of the motor unit function. - Dr. Buzás Péter
  • 6. Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction. Mechanics, energetics and heat production of muscle contraction. - Dr. Környei József László
  • 7. Electric characteristics of muscle contraction, muscle tone, fatigue. Contraction of smooth muscle. - Dr. Környei József László
  • 8. The functioning of sensory neurons. - Dr. Barabás Klaudia
  • 9. The autonomic nervous system. - Dr. Környei József László
  • 10. Fluid distribution in the body. The blood. - Dr. Zelena Dóra Tímea
  • 11. The importance of the inorganic and organic components of the blood. - Dr. Kertes Erika
  • 12. The physiological role of leukocytes. - Dr. Kertes Erika
  • 13. Red blood cells. Hemoglobin. Iron metabolism. - Dr. Péczely László Zoltán
  • 14. Thrombocytes. Blood clotting. - Dr. Szabó István
  • 15. Blood group systems. - Dr. Szabó István
  • 16. The cardiac cycle. Impulse generation and conduction in the heart. - Dr. Környei József László
  • 17. Electrocardiogram. - Dr. Gálosi Rita
  • 18. Pressure and volume changes in the heart. Heart sounds. - Dr. Környei József László
  • 19. Cardiac output and cardiac work. Blood pressure, arterial pulse. - Dr. Környei József László
  • 20. Principles of hemodynamics. - Dr. Kóbor Péter
  • 21. Circulation through the capillaries. Venous circulation. The lymphatic system. - Dr. Kóbor Péter
  • 22. Pulmonary circulation. Circulation of the skin and skeletal muscle. Splanchnic circulation. - Dr. Kóbor Péter
  • 23. Cerebral blood flow. Coronary circulation. - Dr. Kóbor Péter
  • 24. Local, neural and humoral regulation in the cardiovascular system. - Dr. László Kristóf
  • 25. Mechanics of respiration. Intrathoracic pressure changes. Compliance. Lung volumes and capacities. Functions of airways. - Dr. Ráczné Dr. Mikó-Baráth Eszter
  • 26. Gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. O2 and CO2 transport, pH regulation. - Dr. Ráczné Dr. Mikó-Baráth Eszter
  • 27. Chemical control of respiration. Neural regulatory mechanisms of respiration. Acclimatization. - Dr. Pál József
  • 28. The gastrointestinal tract. Digestive processes in the mouth. Digestion in the stomach. - Dr. Buzásné Dr. Telkes Ildikó
  • 29. Duodenum and gallbladder. Digestion and absorption in the small intestine. - Dr. Buzásné Dr. Telkes Ildikó
  • 30. Physiology of liver function. - Dr. Péczely László Zoltán
  • 31. The function of the large intestine. Feces formation and defecation. - Dr. Ollmann Tamás
  • 32. Humoral and neural control of the gastrointestinal system. - Dr. Buzásné Dr. Telkes Ildikó
  • 33. Energy balance. Metabolism. - Dr. Kertes Erika
  • 34. Principles of nutrition. Vitamins. - Dr. Kertes Erika
  • 35. Body temperature. Fever. - Dr. Kertes Erika
  • 36. Peripheral and central control of body temperature. - Dr. Kertes Erika
  • 37. The functioning of the glomerulus. Renal blood flow. - Dr. László Kristóf
  • 38. Regulation of GFR and RBF. Quantitative characterisation of kidney function. -
  • 39. Transport processes in the tubular system. - Dr. László Kristóf
  • 40. Concentrating and diluting mechanisms in the kidney. Osmoregulation. - Dr. László Kristóf
  • 41. Fluid volume regulation. The renin-angiotensin system. Mechanism of micturition. - Dr. László Kristóf
  • 42. Regulation of the acid-base balance. - Péliné Dr. Kovács Anita

Practices

Seminars

Reading material

Obligatory literature

Guyton & Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology (Elsevier), 13th ed. (2015)

Literature developed by the Department

Figures of the lectures given are available on the homepage of Institute of Physiology and on the Neptun Meet Street.
Important messages on new information will be announced at the lectures and will be sent to you by course mails.
Please always find the current updated information and study materials on the homepage of the Institute of Physiology (physiology.aok.pte.hu).

Notes

Homepage of PTE ÁOK Institute of Physiology: Physiology Lab Practices 1, internet study material, printable notebook, 2019
Homepage of PTE ÁOK Institute of Physiology: Physiology Lab Practice Worksheets 1, internet study material, printable notebook, 2019

Recommended literature

Kandel, Schwartz, Jessel, Siegelbaum, Hudspeth: Principles of Neural Sciences, 5th ed. (2012)
Kim Barrett, Susan Barman, Jason Yuan, Heddwen Brooks Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, McGraw-Hill Education 26th Edition (2019)

Conditions for acceptance of the semester

Maximum of 15 % absence allowed

Mid-term exams

Written test on the 11th week Friday at 16:00.

Making up for missed classes

The missed lab practice is advised to be covered by joining another group while the same topic is on schedule.

Exam topics/questions

Topics of questions for the theoretical examination

1. Membrane potential and action potential: explain their ionic mechanisms. Membrane properties of CNS neurons
2. The compound action potential. Conductive properties of various nerve fibres
3. Neurochemistry of synapses, neurotransmitters, postsynaptic receptors and neuromodulators. EPSP, IPSP
4. The neuromuscular junction
5. Structural and functional differences between skeletal and smooth muscles. Mechanism of smooth muscle contraction
6. Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction. The regulatory role of calcium ion
7. Mechanical characteristics of muscle. Differentiation of fast and slow twitch muscle fibres. Role of the connective tissue in the function of muscles
8. Mechanism of fatigue
9. Electromyography (EMG)
10. The source of energy for muscle contraction (aerobe and anaerobe processes). Heat production during contraction-relaxation cycle
11. Describe the body fluid compartments and explain the methods used for measurement of body fluid volumes
12. Describe the major plasma proteins and the other non-electrolytic constituents of blood and explain their function in the body
13. Describe the intra- and extracellular ionic components and explain their physiological functions
14. The structure, function and origin of erythrocytes
15. Characterize the various leukocytes indicating their origins and functions
16. Origin and function of blood platelets
17. The basic structure and metabolism of haemoglobin and the metabolism of iron
18. Describe the two pathways involved in the initiation of blood coagulation
19. Specific mechanism of clot formation
20. Describe the mechanism of fibrinolysis. Explain the significance of anticlotting mechanism
21. Regulation of H+ ion concentration in the blood
22. A-B-0 blood groups. The Rh blood types
23. The role of leukocytes in the defence mechanism
24. Mechanical activity of the heart and the three-component model of heart muscle. Calcium ion movements within the cardiac muscle cell
25. Generators and conductors of impulses in the heart. Refractory periods
26. The sequence of events in the cardiac cycle
27. The human electrocardiogram (ECG). Electrocardiography: bipolar and unipolar leads
28. The heart sounds. Phonocardiography (PCG)
29. Cardiac output: measurement, normal standards and physiological variations
30. Metabolism and energetics of cardiac muscle
31. Ventricular wall tension and the Laplace relationship
32. The heart-lung preparation (Starling`s laws)
33. Arterial blood pressure: determinants of normal arterial blood pressure
34. The arterial and the venous pulse. Basic principles of hemodynamics.
35. Circulation through the capillaries
36. The properties, production and the movement of lymph
37. Circulation in the vein. Effect of gravity on circulation
38. The pulmonary circulation. Control of lung vessels
39. The coronary circulation
40. Cerebral circulation. The concept of blood-brain barrier.
41. Splanchnic circulation
42. Skeletal muscle circulation. Cutaneous circulation
43. Nervous control of the heart
44. Control mechanisms of the circulatory system: general considerations
45. Local control of the vascular smooth muscle
46. Autoregulation of blood flow in tissues and organs
47. The function and importance of baroreceptors in the regulation of circulation
48. Reflex control mechanisms of circulation
49. Mechanisms of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation
50. Mechanics of respiration (functions of respiratory muscles, compliance, intrathoracic pressures, respiratory volumes)
51. Alveolar air, alveolar ventilation, dead spaces. Function of the respiratory passageways
52. Gaseous exchange in the lungs and tissues
53. O2 and CO2 transport in the body
54. Peripheral and central regulatory mechanisms of respiration. Respiratory reflexes
55. Chemical control of respiration. Acidosis, alkalosis
56. Different types of hypoxia. Oxygen treatment. Mechanisms of acclimatisation. Nitrogen narcosis. Decompression sickness
57. Describe the origin, composition, function and control of salivary secretion
58. Describe the origin, nature and function of gastric secretion indicating the mechanisms of regulation
59. Mechanism and regulation of gastrointestinal movements
60. Identify the pancreatic secretions, their components, their action and the substrates on which they act. Control mechanism of pancreatic secretion
61. Describe the basic ingredients and functions of the bile indicating the origin and fate of the components and the factors controlling bile secretions and gall bladder functions
62. Identify the components and functions of the intestinal system
63. Describe how carbohydrate is digested and absorbed indicating the enzymes involved
64. Describe how fat is digested and absorbed indicating the enzymes and secretions involved
65. Describe how protein is digested and absorbed indicating the enzymes and secretions involved
66. Basal metabolic rate. Describe factors influencing the basal metabolism
67. Define metabolic rate explaining those factors influencing the total expenditure of energy by the body
68. Describe the necessary elements of normal diet
69. The normal body temperature and its physiological variations. Hyperthermia, fever, hypothermia
70. Chemical regulation of body temperature, changes of regulation at low and high environmental temperature
71. Physical regulation of body temperature, changes of regulation at low and high environmental temperature
72. Central regulatory mechanisms of heat production and heat loss
73. Dynamics of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration rate. Plasma clearance
74. Renal blood flow. Clearance of PAH. Extraction ratio. Filtration fraction
75. Regulation of renal blood flow and pressure. Renin-angiotensin system
76. Reabsorption and secretion of different substances in the renal tubule. Methods for their investigation
77. Concentrating and diluting mechanisms of the kidney
78. Fluid volume regulation of the body
79. Regulation of concentrations of ions in the extracellular fluid. Regulation of osmolality of body fluids



Questions for the student lab report:

1. Hematocrit
2. Red blood cell counting
3. White blood cell counting
4. Differential leukocyte count
5. Determination of osmotic resistance
6. Determination of hemoglobin concentration
7. MCV, MCH, MCHC values
8. Bleeding time. Clotting time. Prothrombin time.
9. Blood group determination (AB0 and Rh typing)
10. Respiratory pressure and volume changes: Donders model
11. Pulmonary function tests: volumes and capacities of the human lungs
12. Pulmonary function tests: dynamic parameters of respiration
13. Recording of heart beats "in situ"; Effect of thermal stimulations
14. How to use work stations for electrophysiological registrations
15. Electric stimulation of heart and demonstration of extrasystole
16. Investigation of pacemakers and electric conduction system of heart (Ligatures of Stannius)
17. Summation and the Bowditch's "All or nothing" law
18. Effect of ions on the isolated heart
19. Effect of adrenalin and acetylcholine on the isolated heart
20. Electrocardiography (ECG): the ECG leads and the normal electrocardiogram
21. Examination of the arterial pulse
22. Measurement of blood pressure in human
23. Cyclic changes in the blood pressure
24. Examination of saliva: pH, investigation of alfa-amylase
25. Gastric juice: Determination of BAO, MAO, PAO
26. Feces: Detection of blood
27. The muscle-nerve preparation. Registration of single twitch, superposition, incomplete and complete tetanus
28. Effect of load and fatigue on muscle contraction.
29. Electromyography in humans
30. Contraction and regulation of smooth muscle

Study material for the semester exam is the sum total of information covered in the obligatory textbook, on the homepage of the Institute, as well as knowledge given at the lectures and lab practices.

Examiners

  • Dr. Ábrahám István Miklós
  • Dr. Barabás Klaudia
  • Dr. Buzás Péter
  • Dr. Buzásné Dr. Telkes Ildikó
  • Dr. Gálosi Rita
  • Dr. Jandó Gábor
  • Dr. Karádi Zoltán
  • Dr. Kertes Erika
  • Dr. Kóbor Péter
  • Dr. Környei József László
  • Dr. Kövesdi Erzsébet
  • Dr. László Kristóf
  • Dr. Lénárd László Csaba
  • Dr. Lengyel Ferenc
  • Dr. Ollmann Tamás
  • Dr. Pál József
  • Dr. Péczely László Zoltán
  • Dr. Petykó Zoltán
  • Dr. Ráczné Dr. Mikó-Baráth Eszter
  • Dr. Szabó István
  • Dr. Varga Csaba
  • Dr. Vértes Zsuzsanna
  • Dr. Zelena Dóra Tímea
  • Péliné Dr. Kovács Anita

Instructor / tutor of practices and seminars