Pharmacology 3

Data

Official data in SubjectManager for the following academic year: 2024-2025

Topic

The general aim of the subject is to provide the medical students with all the basic information in pharmacology necessary to understand the actions of drugs and the clinical pharmacotherapy and to pass the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination in Medical Sciences. Pharmacology can be defined as the study of the manner in which the function of living systems is affected by chemical agents. Therefore, the students should be familiar with the basic knowledge of the physiological, pathophysiological and biochemical background of the pharmacological and therapeutic approaches. On the other hand, drug therapy is closely related to the clinical aspects of diseases.

The following topics will be dealt with. Pharmacology of the endocrine system: pituitary hormones, corticosteroids, reproductive system, thyroid hormones, antithyroid drugs, insulin, glucagon and oral hypoglycemic agents, vitamin D, treatment of osteoporosis. Chemotherapy: sulphonamides and trimethoprim, fluoroquinolones, beta-lactam antibiotics, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolide antibiotics, clindamycin, vancomycin, polymyxins, aminoglycosides, antituberculotics, treatment of leprosy. Antifungal drugs, antiviral agents, antiprotozoal drugs, antihelminthic agents, antiseptics and disinfectants. Pharmacogenetics, effects of age, diet and diseases on drug action. Drug interactions. Basics of toxicology.

Lectures

• 1. Corticosteroids I - Tamasikné Helyes Zsuzsanna
• 2. Corticosteroids II - Tamasikné Helyes Zsuzsanna
• 3. Estrogens, antiestrogens, progestins and antiprogestins - Pethő Gábor István
• 4. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and hormonal contraceptives - Pethő Gábor István
• 5. Androgens, anabolic steroids and antiandrogens - Pethő Gábor István
• 6. Thyroid hormones, antithyroid drugs - Tamasikné Helyes Zsuzsanna
• 7. Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones I - !Gregus Zoltán (elhunyt)
• 8. Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones II - !Gregus Zoltán (elhunyt)
• 9. Insulin, insulin analogs - Sánticsné Pintér Erika
• 10. Oral hypoglycemic agents. Glucagon - Sánticsné Pintér Erika
• 11. Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vitamin D and drug treatment of osteoporosis I - Tamasikné Helyes Zsuzsanna
• 12. Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vitamin D and drug treatment of osteoporosis II - Tamasikné Helyes Zsuzsanna
• 13. Drug interactions - Pethő Gábor István
• 14. Future perspectives of pharmacology - Sánticsné Pintér Erika

Practices

Seminars

• 1. Basic principles of chemotherapy
• 2. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim. Fluoroquinolones
• 3. Antibiotics impairing bacterial cell envelope function I
• 4. Antibiotics impairing bacterial cell envelope function II
• 5. Antibiotics impairing bacterial cell envelope function III. Nitroimidazole drugs
• 6. Antibiotics inhibiting protein synthesis I
• 7. Antibiotics inhibiting protein synthesis II
• 8. Antibiotics inhibiting protein synthesis III
• 9. Antibiotics inhibiting protein synthesis IV
• 10. Antituberculotic drugs. Anti-leprosy drugs
• 11. Antifungal drugs
• 12. Antiviral drugs I
• 13. Antiviral drugs II
• 14. Antiviral drugs III
• 15. Antiprotozoal drugs I
• 16. Antiprotozoal drugs II
• 17. Anthelminthic drugs I
• 18. Anthelminthic drugs II
• 19. Antiseptics and disinfectants I
• 20. Antiseptics and disinfectants II
• 21. Cytotoxic/embryotoxic effects of drugs
• 22. Drug allergy
• 23. Pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics
• 24. Effects of age, diet and disease on drug action
• 25. Toxicology: management of the poisoned patient I
• 26. Toxicology: management of the poisoned patient II
• 27. Toxicology: drug intoxications I
• 28. Toxicology: drug intoxications II

Reading material

Obligatory literature

Literature developed by the Department

Materials related to the topics discussed in lectures and seminars will be available in Neptun.

Notes

Recommended literature

Rang, Dale, Ritter, Moore: Pharmacology, 9th edition, Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2020

B. G. Katzung (ed.): Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th edition, Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2018

Conditions for acceptance of the semester

-

Mid-term exams

There is no mid-semester test.

Making up for missed classes

Each missed seminar has to be made up for with another group in the same week.

Exam topics/questions

1. Definition of pharmacology and the related subjects. Drug development

2. Drug names, drug compendia. Prescription writing

3. Drug formulations

4. Basic mechanisms of drug actions (examples of drug effects on receptors, ion channels, enzymes, carrier systems and effects mediated by physicochemical interactions)

5. Characterization of agonist-receptor interaction: occupancy, affinity, dose-response curve, potency, efficacy

6. Significance of signal transduction mechanisms in the effects of drugs. Tachyphylaxis and tolerance to drugs

7. Mechanisms of drug antagonisms

8. Transport of drugs across membranes

9. Absorption of drugs, oral bioavailability and presystemic elimination

10. Distribution of drugs

11. Biotransformation of drugs

12. Excretion of drugs

13. Pharmacokinetics: zero and first order elimination, volume of distribution, clearance, elimination half-life, oral bioavailability, loading dose, maintenance dose

14. Cholinergic agonists and cholinesterase inhibitors

15. Muscarinic receptor antagonists

16. Neuromuscular blocking agents

17. Agents acting on the biosynthesis, storage, release and elimination of catecholamines

18. Adrenergic receptor agonists

19. Adrenergic receptor antagonists

20. Pharmacology of protein and peptide mediators, the purinergic system and nitric oxide

21. Local anesthetics

22. Histamine, antihistaminic drugs

23. Pharmacology of eicosanoids. Drugs acting on smooth muscle

24. Drugs used to treat bronchial asthma

25. Drug treatment of allergic rhinitis. Antitussives, expectorants and mucolytics

26. Calcium channel blockers

27. Drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

28. Diuretic drugs

29. Antiarrhythmic drugs

30. Drugs used to treat congestive heart failure

31. Antianginal drugs

32. Antihypertensive drugs

33. Drugs that increase regional blood flow. Drug treatment of obesity

34. Drugs used to treat hyperlipoproteinemias

35. Anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs

36. Fibrinolytics, antifibrinolytics, hemostatic agents

37. Drugs affecting hematopoiesis

38. Antineoplastic drugs: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, microtubule-damaging drugs, topoisomerase inhibitors

39. Antineoplastic drugs: hormonal agents, cytokines, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, agents inducing differentiation

40. Immunosuppressants, immunomodulators, treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

41. Antianxiety and hypnotic drugs

42. Alcohols: pharmacology, toxicology

43. Antipsychotic drugs

44. Antidepressants

45. General anesthetics

46. Psychomotor stimulants and nootropic agents

47. Antiepileptic drugs

48. Drug treatment of neurodegenerative disorders

49. Drug abuse and dependence: general principles, opioids, anti-anxiety and hypnotic drugs, inhalants, ethanol

50. Drug abuse and dependence: psychomotor stimulants, psychedelics, cannabis

51. Opioid analgesic drugs: morphine and codeine

52. Opioid analgesic drugs: semisynthetic, synthetic opioids, opioid antagonists

53. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs: aspirin, paracetamol

54. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs: drugs other than aspirin or paracetamol

55. Adjuvant analgesics. Drugs used to treat gout. Centrally-acting muscle relaxants

56. Drugs used in the treatment of peptic ulcer

57. Emetics, antiemetics and prokinetic drugs

58. Laxatives, antidiarrhoeal agents, drug treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and paralytic ileus, digestives, drugs used in cholelithiasis

59. Serotonin, serotonin receptor agonists and antagonists

60. Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

61. Corticosteroids

62. Estrogens, antiestrogens, progestins, antiprogestins

63. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and hormonal contraceptives

64. Androgens, anabolic steroids, antiandrogens

65. Thyroid hormones, antithyroid drugs

66. Insulin and oral hypoglycaemic agents. Glucagon

67. Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and vitamin D, drugs used to treat osteoporosis

68. Sulphonamides and trimethoprim. Fluoroquinolones

69. Penicillins, cefalosporins

70. Carbapenems, monobactams, beta lactamase inhibitors

71. Glycopeptide antibiotics, polymixins, gramicidins, nitroimidazoles

72. Aminoglycosides. Macrolide antibiotics

73. Tetracyclines. Chloramphenicol, clindamycin, linezolid, streptogramins

74. Antituberculotic drugs. Anti-leprosy drugs

75. Antifungal drugs

76. Antiviral drugs: drugs against herpes and hepatitis viruses

77. Antiviral drugs: drugs against HIV and influenza viruses

78. Antiprotozoal drugs

79. Anthelminthic drugs

80. Antiseptics and disinfectants

81. Cytotoxic/embryotoxic effects of drugs. Drug allergy

82. Pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics. Effects of age, diet and disease on drug action

83. Drug interactions

84. The treatment of the intoxicated patient: decontamination, facilitation of toxicant elimination, antidote administration, supportive treatment

85. Drug intoxications: mechanisms, symptoms, treatment

86. Future perspectives of pharmacology

Upon the oral exam, 3 exam topics are chosen. In addition to these exam topics, important parts of the exam are the questions that aim at assessing the general knowledge of the student. Bad performance in this part of the exam may lead to failure regardless of the answers to exam topics.

Examiners

• Barthó Loránd
• Pethő Gábor István
• Pozsgai Gábor
• Sánticsné Pintér Erika
• Tamasikné Helyes Zsuzsanna

Instructor / tutor of practices and seminars

• Csekő Kata
• Horváth Ádám István (Farmakológia)
• Sándor Zoltán (1968, Farmakológia)
• Sánticsné Pintér Erika
• Tamasikné Helyes Zsuzsanna