Pathophysiology 1

Data

Official data in SubjectManager for the following academic year: 2024-2025

Topic

Pathophysiology for dental students-1 connects basic functional and clinical subjects. Together with other preclinical subjects, it deals mainly with etiology, time-course, clinical symptoms and possible pharmacological or other interventions related to abnormalities of the cardiovascular, respiratory, hematological and renal systems, as well as with disorders of salt/water and pH balance.

Lectures

• 1. Heart failure. - Balaskó Márta
• 2. Peripheral circulatory failure: vasovagal syncope, circulatory shock (definition, forms and their causes, phases). - Balaskó Márta
• 3. The consequences of circulatory shock. Pathophysiology of coronary circulation. - Balaskó Márta
• 4. Pathophysiology of the cerebral and pulmonary circulation. - Balaskó Márta
• 5. Hypertension. - Balaskó Márta
• 6. Pathophysiology of the regulation and mechanics of breathing. - Balaskó Márta
• 7. Ventilation/perfusion mismatch. Disorders of the alveolo-capillary diffusion. - Balaskó Márta
• 8. Restrictive/obstructive respiratory disorders, dyspnea. - Balaskó Márta
• 9. Pathophysiology of the glomerular and tubular functions. - Balaskó Márta
• 10. Chronic renal failure, uremia, uremic coma. - Balaskó Márta
• 11. Pathophysiology of the salt-water balance. - Pólai Fanni
• 12. Disorders of the pH regulation. - Pólai Fanni
• 13. Pathophysiology of the red blood cell system. - Balaskó Márta
• 14. Pathophysiology of hemostasis. - Balaskó Márta

Practices

Seminars

• 1. Heart failure I.
• 2. Heart failure II.
• 3. Vasoval syncope, circulatory shock (definition, forms and their respective causes, phases).
• 4. Hemodynamic parameters of different types of circulatory shock. Consequences of circulatory shock.
• 5. Pathophysiology of coronary circulation.
• 6. Failure of the coronary circulation, reversible and irreversible consequences.
• 7. Pathophysiology of pulmonary circulation.
• 8. Etiology and general pathophysiology of hypertension.
• 9. Complications of hypertension, pathophysiological principles of treatment.
• 10. Arrhythmias in the dental practice.
• 11. Alveolar hypoventilation.
• 12. Alveolar hyperventilation.
• 13. Respiratory failure I.
• 14. Respiratory failure II.
• 15. Cardio-respiratory adaptation to physical exercise I.
• 16. Cardio-respiratory adaptation to physical exercise II.
• 17. Pathophysiology of glomerular and tubular functions.
• 18. Acute renal failure.
• 19. Uremia, uremic coma I.
• 20. Uremia, uremic coma II.
• 21. Abnormalities of the volume and osmoregulation I.
• 22. Abnormalities of the volume and osmoregulation II.
• 23. Metabolic acidosis.
• 24. Metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.
• 25. Anemias I.
• 26. Anemias II. Polycythemias.
• 27. Pathophysiology of hemostasis.
• 28. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Reading material

Obligatory literature

Székely Miklós (editor) Basic concepts in pathopysiology. Medicina Publishing House Budapest, 2019.

Literature developed by the Department

Lecture and seminar slides will be uploaded to TEAMS.

Notes

M. Székely (ed.): Basic Concepts in Pathophysiology, ÁOK PTE, 2007

Recommended literature

Medical Problems in Dentistry, ed: Crispian Scully, Churchill Livingstone; 7th edition, 2014

S. Silbernagl, F. Lang: Color Atlas of Pathophysiology, Thieme Stuttgart - New York, 2000

Conditions for acceptance of the semester

None

Mid-term exams

None.

Making up for missed classes

None. A maximum of 15% absences are accepted (4 x 45 min).

Exam topics/questions

Pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system for dentists.

Causes and forms of chronic heart failure.

High output cardiac failure.

Forward failure symptoms (left- and right-sided) in heart failure.

Backward failure symptoms (left- and right-sided) in heart failure.

Collaps, vasovagal syncope, and other circulatory abnormalities leading to loss of consciousness.

Definition, causes and symptoms of circulatory shock. Pathophysiology of the development of shock.

Consequences of circulatory shocks.

Coronary insufficiency, symptoms of pectoral angina and acute myocardial infarction (ECG signs) and their consequences.

Cerebral ischemia, stroke.

General pathophysiology and classification of systemic hypertension. Age and blood pressure.

Primary hypertension: characteristics and etiological factors.

Consequences of hypertension and its importance in dentistry.

Important arrhythmias in the dental practice.

Pathophysiology of the respiratory system for dentists.

Sleep-apnea syndrome.

Alveolar hypoventilation.

Obstructive ventilatory disorders

Bronchial asthma

Restrictive ventilatory disorders.

Alveolar hyperventilation.

Forms and mechanisms of hypoxia. Ways of compensation.

Cyanosis, CO-poisoning, methemoglobinemia.

Forms, general pathophysiology and consequences of anemia.

Deficiency anemias

The most important causes and consequences of hemolytic anemias

Polycythemias.

Pathophysiology of leukocytes and inflammation for dentists.

Bleeding abnormalities due to platelet or vascular factors.

Congenital coagulopathies.

Acquired coagulopathies and related drug effects.

Thrombosis: causes and consequences.

Glomerular hypofiltration, hyperfiltration and their consequences.

Disorders of tubular functions, hyposthenuria, osmotic diuresis..

Proteinurias: forms, causes and consequences.

Chronic renal failure, causes, pathophysiological characteristics, progression.

Metabolic disorders and organ dysfunctions in uremia

Pathophysiology of uremia for dentists.

Acute renal failures.

Compensation of pH-abnormalities (plasma and intracellular puffers, respiration, kidney) and their disturbances.

Metabolic acidosis: causes, compensation, consequences.

Metabolic alkalosis: causes, compensation, consequences.

Respiratory acidosis: causes, compensation, consequences.

Respiratory alkalosis: causes, compensation, consequences.

States of decreased extracellular volume, and their consequences.

States of elevated extracellular volume: causes, mechanisms and consequences.

Hyperosmolarity, hypertonicity. Forms, causes, consequences.

Hypotonicity: pathogenesis and consequences.

Hypo- and hyperkalemia.

Oral exam on the basis of 3 questions from the list above.

Examiners

• Balaskó Márta
• Burzánné Pétervári Erika

Instructor / tutor of practices and seminars

• Balaskó Márta
• Burzánné Pétervári Erika