Pathophysiology

Data

Official data in SubjectManager for the following academic year: 2024-2025

Topic

The main goal of the curriculum is to introduce the students on a preclinical level to the basic dysfunctions of individual organs and organ systems, to make them acquainted with the inherited and acquired etiological factors, with the pathogenesis and pathomechanism of diseases, and with the possible compensatory or adaptive mechanisms and system interactions.

The topics covered (among others) include pathophysiologic aspects of circulation, respiration, energy homeostasis, thermoregulation, renal-, endocrine-, gastrointestinal functions, acid-base and salt-water balance with special focus on pathomechanisms fundamentally linked to target sites of the most prescribed drugs as well as on iatrogenic risks in connection with the main- and side-effects of drugs.

Since the mean age of the patients is growing higher in most parts of the world, the gerontological aspects of functional changes are embedded into the curriculum throughout the course. The course is important to understand the clinical symptoms, as well as the possible pharmacological or other interventions and steps of prevention.

Lectures

• 1.

  The contextual position of Pathophysiology in pharmacy

  - Garami András
• 2.

  Health and disease. Pathogens, disease course, symptoms, prognosis, therapy, prevention etc.

  - Garami András
• 3.

  Inflammation & injury

  - Garami András
• 4.

  Pathophysiology of coronary circulation I

  - Ollmann Tamás
• 5.

  Pathophysiology of coronary circulation II

  - Ollmann Tamás
• 6.

  Disorders of cerebral circulation

  - Ollmann Tamás
• 7.

  Regulation of blood pressure, its abnormalities, hypertension

  - Ollmann Tamás
• 8.

  Consequences of hypertension, and its prevention

  - Ollmann Tamás
• 9.

  Heart failure (central circulatory failure)

  - Ollmann Tamás
• 10.

  Peripheral circulatory failure (shock)

  - Ollmann Tamás
• 11.

  Sepsis (SIRS)

  - Garami András
• 12.

  Multiple organ dysfunction/failure (MODS, MOF)

  - Garami András
• 13.

  Disorders of the control of breathing. Sleep apnea syndrome

  - Zelena Dóra Tímea
• 14.

  Pathophysiology of ventilation mechanics. Obstructive & restrictive disorders

  - Zelena Dóra Tímea
• 15.

  Abnormalities of gas exchange

  - Zelena Dóra Tímea
• 16.

  Respiratory failure, forms of tissue hypoxia.

  - Zelena Dóra Tímea
• 17.

  Dyspnea, cough, allergic rhinitis

  - Zelena Dóra Tímea
• 18.

  Pathophysiology of physical exercise

  - Zelena Dóra Tímea
• 19.

  Acid-base disorders: the role of buffers

  - Garami András
• 20.

  Role of breathing and the kidney in anomalies of pH homeostasis

  - Garami András
• 21.

  Basic mechanisms of glomerular and tubular function anomalies

  - Garami András
• 22.

  Forms of acute renal failure

  - Garami András
• 23.

  Mechanisms of chronic renal failure

  - Garami András
• 24.

  Uraemia, uraemic coma

  - Garami András
• 25.

  Disorders of thermoregulation: introduction / fever

  - Garami András
• 26.

  Disorders of thermoregulation: fever & hyperthermia, heat shock

  - Garami András
• 27.

  Hypothermia

  - Garami András
• 28.

  Energy balance, nutritional status, starvation (total/partial), malnutrition

  - Zagorácz Olga
• 29.

  Obesity, metabolic syndrome

  - Zagorácz Olga
• 30.

  Diabetes mellitus (DM) syndrome: definition, classification

  - Zagorácz Olga
• 31.

  Pathogenesis of DM syndromes

  - Zagorácz Olga
• 32.

  Acute complications of DM

  - Zagorácz Olga
• 33.

  Chronic complications of DM

  - Zagorácz Olga
• 34.

  Disorders of the hypothalamo-pituitary system and pathophysiology of growth

  - Ollmann Tamás
• 35.

  Thyroid gland disorders

  - Ollmann Tamás
• 36.

  Adrenal gland dysfunctions

  - Ollmann Tamás
• 37.

  Disorders of swallowing, filling- and emptying of the stomach, vomiting.

  - Ráczné Mikó-Baráth Eszter
• 38.

  GI tract disorders: ileus, malabsorption diarrhea, constipation

  - Ráczné Mikó-Baráth Eszter
• 39.

  Pancreatic disorders

  - Ráczné Mikó-Baráth Eszter
• 40.

  Pathophysiology of liver function, liver damage

  - Kovács Gergely
• 41.

  Forms of icterus

  - Kovács Gergely
• 42.

  Portal hypertension, ascites, hepatic coma

  - Kovács Gergely

Practices

Seminars

• 1. The contextual position of Pathophysiology in pharmacists' curriculum
• 2. Health and disease. Pathogens, disease course, signs & symptoms, therapy, prevention
• 3. ECG analysis, basic aspects
• 4. Common anomalies of repolarisation
• 5. ECG of acute myocardial infarct
• 6. Abnormal impulse formation
• 7. Abnormal impulse conduction
• 8. Complex ECG-abnormalities
• 9. Theory of respiratory function tests
• 10. Demonstration of respiratory function tests in practice
• 11. Acid-base balance, functionality of defense systems, major challenges
• 12. Acid-base disorders
• 13. Salt-water balance (Osmo- & volume homeostasis), the regulators and effectors
• 14. Disorders of salt-water balance
• 15. Disorders of metabolism I: Lipoproteins, hyperlipidemias, atherosclerosis
• 16. Disorders of metabolism II: Abnormal aminoacid metabolism, hyperuricemia, gout
• 17. Potassium homeostasis
• 18. Hyperkalemias, hypokalemias
• 19. Pathophysiology of vitamins and trace elements
• 20. Hypo- & hypervitaminoses
• 21. Disorders of Ca, P homeostasis, osteoporosis, osteomalacia
• 22. Vitamin-D, parathormone, hypo- & hypercalcemia
• 23. Anaemia, polycythemia
• 24. Disorders of hemostasis, DIC
• 25. Disorders of swallowing, filling- and emptying of the stomach, vomiting.
• 26. GI tract motility problems I: Diarrhea, constipation
• 27. GI tract motility problems II: ileus / Malabsorption syndromes
• 28. Pre-exam discussion of particular questions requested by the students.

Reading material

Obligatory literature

Basically the knowledge of topics dealt with at the lectures and seminars is the requirement at the exams.

- Prof. Miklós Székely (ed.): Basic Principles of Pathophysiology, department notes for medical students, 2006,

- S. Silbernagl, F. Lang: Color Atlas of Pathophysiology, Thieme Stuttgart; New York, 2000 (useful for final preparation)

- Martin M. Zdanowicz: Essentials of Pathophysiology for Pharmacy, CRC Press 2002

Handouts on http://www.pote.hu/index.php?page=egyseg&egy_id=150&menu=okt_anyag&nyelv=eng

Literature developed by the Department

Basically the knowledge of topics dealt with at the lectures and seminars is the requirement at the exams.

- Prof. Miklós Székely (ed.): Basic Principles of Pathophysiology, department notes for medical students, 2006,

- S. Silbernagl, F. Lang: Color Atlas of Pathophysiology, Thieme Stuttgart; New York, 2000 (useful for final preparation)

- Martin M. Zdanowicz: Essentials of Pathophysiology for Pharmacy, CRC Press 2002

Handouts on http://www.pote.hu/index.php?page=egyseg&egy_id=150&menu=okt_anyag&nyelv=eng

Notes

Basically the knowledge of topics dealt with at the lectures and seminars is the requirement at the exams.

- Prof. Miklós Székely (ed.): Basic Principles of Pathophysiology, department notes for medical students, 2006,

- S. Silbernagl, F. Lang: Color Atlas of Pathophysiology, Thieme Stuttgart; New York, 2000 (useful for final preparation)

- Martin M. Zdanowicz: Essentials of Pathophysiology for Pharmacy, CRC Press 2002

Handouts on http://www.pote.hu/index.php?page=egyseg&egy_id=150&menu=okt_anyag&nyelv=eng

Recommended literature

Basically the knowledge of topics dealt with at the lectures and seminars is the requirement at the exams.

- Prof. Miklós Székely (ed.): Basic Principles of Pathophysiology, department notes for medical students, 2006,

- S. Silbernagl, F. Lang: Color Atlas of Pathophysiology, Thieme Stuttgart; New York, 2000 (useful for final preparation)

- Martin M. Zdanowicz: Essentials of Pathophysiology for Pharmacy, CRC Press 2002

Handouts on http://www.pote.hu/index.php?page=egyseg&egy_id=150&menu=okt_anyag&nyelv=eng

Conditions for acceptance of the semester

Max. 3 misses from seminars (15%) can be accepted.

Mid-term exams

Egyéni

Making up for missed classes

Writing an essay from the topic of the missed seminar.

Exam topics/questions

First (A) exam is absolved by filling out a test based on the exam questions. Second (B) and third (C) exams are absolved orally with answering three questions drawn.

Pathophysiology of water-soluble vitamins and trace elements

Pathophysiology of fat-soluble vitamins

Complete starvation

Partial starvation, accelerated forms of energetic insufficiency, anorexia nervosa

Obesity: criteria, classification, epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis. Metabolic syndrome

Protein deficiency, protein-calorie malnutrition, senile sarcopenia

Pathobiochemistry of LDL-metabolism, hyperlipoproteinemias

Hypoglycemias

Etiology and pathogenesis of DM1.

Etiology and pathogenesis of DM2.

Diabetic coma (ketoacidotic & hyperosmolar forms)

Late complications of diabetes mellitus (including pathobiochemistry thereof)

Pathophysiology of the pituitary, anomalies of growth

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism

Glucocorticoid hyperfunctional states

Pathophysiological aspects of glucocorticoid therapy

Adrenal (cortex) insufficiency

Hyperaldosteronisms

Hyper- and hypocalcemia

Osteoporosis, osteomalacia

General pathophysiology and consequences of anemias and polycythemia

Deficiency anemias

Aplastic anemias

Hemolytic anemias

Congenital and acquired coagulopathies

Bleeding abnormalities due to vascular factors

Disorders of platelet functions

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Thrombophilia, thrombosis: causes and consequences

Pathophysiology of peptic ulcer

Disorders of gastric filling and emptying, vomiting

Malabsorption syndromes

Diarrhea: causes, pathophysiological forms, consequences

Bowel obstruction (ileus)

Obstipation, diverticulosis

Jaundice (conjugated & non-conjugated hyperbilirubinemias)

Pathophysiological aspect of hepatic detoxifying system

Toxic- and idiosynchratic liver damage

Hepatic coma

Liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, ascites

Pancreatitis (acute & chronic): pathophysiology and consequences.

Hypothermia

Heat stroke, malignant hyperthermia

Pathophysiology of fever, its biological value, basic aspects of antifebrile strategies

Inflammation, forms of manifestation, basic pathomechanisms

Main groups and important representatives of inflammatory mediators

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), multiple organ failure (MOF)

Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis: causes, compensation, consequences

Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis: causes, compensation, consequences

Hyperkalaemia

Hypokalaemia

Mechanisms and disorders of volume regulation, abnormal distribution of extracellular fluid (edema)

Mechanisms and disorders of osmoregulation, states with hypo- and hypertonicity

Cardiovascular adaptation to physical exercise in healthy persons and patients with heart disease

Pathophysiology of coronary insufficiency, risk factors

Pathomechanism and consequences of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

Pathophysiology of heart failure

Cardiomyopathies

Cerebral hypoxia, ischemia, stroke

Pulmonary hypertension.

General pathophysiology and classification of systemic hypertension

Primary (essential) hypertension: characteristics, etiological factors, consequences

Hypertension and the kidneys (reciprocal connection)

Hypertension and the adrenal gland

Vasovagal syncope and other states with hypotension

Circulatory shock: definition, classification, pathophysiology, phases and characteristics of microcirculation

Hypovolemic shock

Distributive shock

Cardiogenic shock

Forms of extrasystole (premature beats)

Pre-excitation syndromes, forms and consequences of paroxysmal tachycardia

Flutter and fibrillation: atrial and ventricular

Nomotopic and passive heterotopic abnormalities of impulse formation

Abnormalities of atrioventricular conduction (AV blocks)

Intraventricular conduction abnormalities (bundle branch blocks)

Atrial and ventricular axis deviations

Primary repolarization abnormalities in the ECG: ECG in angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction

Disorders of the control of breathing. Sleep-apnea syndrome (OSAS, CSAS)

Causes and consequences of increased airway resistance, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Alveolar hypoventilation and hyperventilation, causes and consequences

Forms and mechanisms of hypoxia, ways of compensation, cyanosis

Disorders of oxygen transport (abnormal hemoglobin, CO-poisoning, methemoglobinemia)

Partial and complete respiratory failure, dyspnea

Principles of basic respiratory function tests, parameters of restrictive and obstructive breathing mechanics

Pathophysiology of glomerular filtration

Disorders of tubular functions

Acute renal failure: causes, forms, general and specific features

Chronic renal failure: causes, characteristics and progression

Uraemia

Hyperuricemia, gout

Disturbances of amino acid metabolism, (phenylketonuria, hyperhomocysteinaemia etc.)

Examiners

• Garami András
• Hegyi Eszter

Instructor / tutor of practices and seminars

• Al-Omari Ammar Abdallah Khalaf
• Garami András
• Hegyi Eszter