Pathology for Dental Students 1

Data

Official data in SubjectManager for the following academic year: 2026-2027

Topic

Within the framework of the course, we teach the pathological cellular, tissue-level, and organ-level injuries and responses that form the basis of disease development. The curriculum is organized into seven major topic areas: necrosis, degeneration, intra- and extracellular accumulations, growth disturbances, acute and chronic inflammation, circulatory disorders, immunopathology, and general oncology.

The most important and most common diseases within each chapter are discussed in detail during both lectures and practical sessions.

The primary objective of the course is to enable students to acquire an integrated understanding of diseases, encompassing the interrelationships among etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory findings, macroscopic and microscopic morphology, and clinical manifestations.

General pathology deals with the cellular, tissue, and functional responses to pathological insults. Systemic (organ-based) pathology focuses on organ- and organ system-specific diseases and forms the foundation for subsequent clinical studies. During the course, the fundamental principles of diagnostic pathology are also introduced.

Theoretical instruction consists of two lectures per week (a total of 28 hours). Practical training comprises four 2-hour autopsy practical sessions (four sessions) and ten 2-hour histopathology practical sessions (ten sessions).

Lectures

• 1. I. INTRODUCTION, POSTMORTEM CHANGES, NECROSIS (4 LECTURES) Postmortal changes. Cell injury and cell death. Causes of cell injury. Necrosis. Ultrastructural, light microscopical and gross changes - Kajtár Béla
• 2. Types of of necrosis: coagulation and liquefactive necrosis. Organ examples. - Kajtár Béla
• 3. Clinicopathology of AMI - Kajtár Béla
• 4. Other types of necrosis. Apoptosis. - Kajtár Béla
• 5. II. DEGENERATION, ACCUMULATION, PIGMENTS, CALACIFICATION (4 LECTURES) Degenerations - Pap Anita
• 6. Endogenous pigments - Pap Anita
• 7. Exogenous pigments. Accumulation. - Pap Anita
• 8. Calcifications, lithiasis, amyloidosis. - Pap Anita
• 9. III. GROWTH DISTURBANCES (3 LECTURES) Regressive changes: atrophy. Organ examples. Classification of cells according to the mitotic capacity - Pap Anita
• 10. Progressive changes: hyperplasia and hypertrophy 1. - Pap Anita
• 11. Progressive changes: hyperplasia and hypertrophy 2. - Pap Anita
• 12. IV. PATHOLOGY OF CIRCULATION. (4 LECTURES) Oedema, hyperaemia and congestion - Kajtár Béla
• 13. Hemorrhages - Kajtár Béla
• 14. Thrombosis and embolisation - Kajtár Béla
• 15. Hypertension. Shock - Kajtár Béla
• 16. V. INFLAMMATIONS (4 LECTURES) Definition of acute inflammation, cellular and vascular reactions - Kajtár Béla
• 17. Clinicopathological forms of acute inflammation - Kajtár Béla
• 18. Chronic inflammation - Kajtár Béla
• 19. Granuloma, granulomatosus inflammation - Kajtár Béla
• 20. VI. IMMUNOPATHOLOGY (3 LECTURES) Hypersensitivity reactions - Kereskai László
• 21. Autoimmune diseases - Kereskai László
• 22. Immundeficiencies, transplantation immunolgy - Kereskai László
• 23. VII. ONCOPATHOLOGY (6 LECTURES) Neoplasia, nomenclature, definitions. Benign and malignant behaviour of tumours. Terminology (nomenclature) of neoplasms. Definition of metaplasia, dysplasia and their relation to neoplasia. Organ examples. Anaplasia - Tornóczki Tamás
• 24. Tumor growth, local spread and metastasis, types of metastases, grading and staging. Paraneoplastic syndromes. Tumor incidence and mortality. - Tornóczki Tamás
• 25. Oncogenes, protooncogenes, oncoproteines, growth factor and growth factor receptor oncogenes (RET, KIT, PDGFR),growth factor receptor overexpression (ERBB1, ERBB2), organ examples. - Tornóczki Tamás
• 26. Oncoproteins and ncogenes in signaltransduction: RAS and RAS signal proteins. Examples for oncogene with non-receptor tyrosine kinase function. The myc oncogene. Types and their changes and role in tumours (c-myc, n-myc). - Tornóczki Tamás
• 27. Tumor supressor genes: RB and p53. Their role in tumorigenesis. - Tornóczki Tamás
• 28. Chemical and radiation cancerogenesis. Microbial carcinogenesis: RNA and DNA viruses. Helicobacter pylori. - Tornóczki Tamás

Practices

Seminars

• 26. Oncopathology 1
• 25. Oncopathology 1
• 24. Chronic inflammation
• 23. Chronic inflammation
• 22. Acute inflammation
• 21. Acute inflammation
• 20. Pathology of circulation 2
• 19. Pathology of circulation 2
• 18. Pathology of circulation 1
• 17. Pathology of circulation 1
• 16. Growth disturbances
• 15. Growth disturbances
• 14. Accumulations
• 13. Accumulations
• 12. Necrosis 2. Degenerations
• 11. Necrosis 2. Degenerations
• 9. Necrosis 1.
• 10. Necrosis 1.
• 8. Autopsy practice
• 7. Autopsy practice
• 6. Autopsy practice
• 5. Autopsy practice
• 4. Autopsy practice
• 3. Autopsy practice
• 2. Autopsy practice
• 1. Autopsy practice
• 27. Oncopathology 2
• 28. Oncopathology 2

Reading material

Obligatory literature

Robbins – Kumar: A patológia alapjai, Medicina Könyvkiadó Zrt, 11. kiadás (2025)

Literature developed by the Department

Notes

Recommended literature

Conditions for acceptance of the semester

If a student's absences from histopathology seminars exceed 21%, the course will not be credited. The maximum number of permitted absences is three (2×45-minute) histopathology seminars.

Mid-term exams

One digital photo, one histological slide and a theoretical question will be given to the students at the examination by the end of the first semester.

Making up for missed classes

There is no possibility for make-up sessions.

Exam topics/questions

SLIDES

I. NECROSIS

1. Recent infarct of the heart

2. Haemorrhagic infarct of the lung

II. DEGENERATION, ACCUMULATION, PIGMENTS, CALCIFICATION

3. Steatosis hepatis

4. Haemosiderosis of the liver

5. Amyloidosis of the liver

6. Silicosis

III. GROWTH DISTURBANCES

7. Prostatic hyperplasia

8. Endometrial hyperplasia

IV. PATHOLOGY OF CIRCULATION

9. Pulmonary oedema

10. DIC – Fibrin thrombi in the kidney

11. Central hemorrhagic necrosis

V. INFLAMMATIONS

12. Fibrinous pericarditis

13. Pseudomembranous colitis

14. Purulent meningitis

15. Acute appendicitis

16. Sarcoidosis

17. Miliary tuberculosis

VI. ONCOPATHOLOGY

18. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, H-SIL/CIN III

19. Squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip

20. Adenocarcinoma metastasis in a lymph node

THEORETICAL QUESTIONS

I. POSTMORTAL CHANGES, NECROSIS

1. Cell injury and cell death. Causes of cell injury. Necrosis. Ultrastructural, light microscopical and gross changes. Apoptosis: morphology, pathomechanism.

2. Patterns of necrosis: coagulation type. Organ examples.

3. Patterns of necrosis: liquefactive type. Organ examples.

4. Caseous necrosis and adiponecrosis

II. DEGENERATION, ACCUMULATION, PIGMENTS

5. Definition and types of degenerations. Parenchymal and fatty degeneration. Organ examples

6. Pathomorphology, pathogenesis and complications of atherosclerosis Aneurysm types

7. Exogenous and endogenous pigments. Anthracosis. Silicosis.

8. Hemoglobinogenic pigments I. Different forms of jaundice and cholestasis, morphology, differential diagnostics.

9. Hemoglobinogenic pigments II. Pathological forms of iron storage Endogenous nonhemoglobinogenous pigments: lipofuscin, melanin, homogentisinic acid.

10. Dystrophic and metastatic calcification. Organ manifestations. Pathomechanism and clinicopathological forms of stone formation

11. Amyloidosis.

III. GROWTH DISTURBANCES

12. Causes of atrophy; general gross morphology and microscopical characteristics. Pathomechanism of atrophy. Definition of atrophy, hypoplasia, aplasia, agenesia. Osteoporosis.

13. Definition, types and organ examples of hyperplasia. Definition of hypertrophy (causes, morphology, changes at cell cycle)

14. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Causes, sequential compensatory changes and functional consequences. Cor pulmonale chronicum.

IV. PATHOLOGY OF CIRCULATION

15. Definition of edema, pathomechanism (Starling law), clinical forms

16. Classification of haemorrhages based on pathomechanism, clinical forms. Congestion and hyperemia.

17. Thrombosis and embolus: definitions, casues, types and clinical consequences

18. Causes, types and pathomechanisms of shock. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

19. Clinicopathological classification of hypertension and complications

V. INFLAMMATIONS

20. Vascular and cellular mechanisms of acute inflammations

21. Clinicopathological classification of acute inflammation based upon exudate types. Organ examples.

22. Definition, causes, cellular and humoral mechanisms of chronic inflammation.

23. Pathogenesis and clinicopathology of tuberculosis

24. Granuloma, granulomatous inflammation

VI. IMMUNPATHOLOGY

25. Mechanisms of hypersensitivity reactions, examples of related disorders

26. Pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Systemic lupus erythematodes (SLE)

27. Transplantation immunity. Aquired immundeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

VII. ONCOPATHOLOGY

28. Neoplasia, nomenclature, definitions. Definition of metaplasia and dysplasia, organ examples and their connections with neoplasia

29. General characteristics of benigh and malignant tumors, anaplasia, tumor growth, local spread and metastasis, types of metastases

30. Incidence and mortality of cancers. Grading és staging. Paraneoplastic syndromes.

31. Oncogenes, protooncgenes, oncoproteins, growth factor and growth factor receptor oncogenes (RET, KIT, PDGFR), overexpression of normal growth factor receptors (ERBB1, ERBB2). Organ examples.

32. Oncogenes and oncoproteins in signal transduction: RAS and RAS signal proteins. Examples of oncogenes wih non receptor tirosine kinase activity, examples. The myc oncogene: types, their changes and roles in tumors (c-myc, n-myc)

33. Tumor supressor genes: RB and p53 genes and their roles in tumorignesis. Neurofibromatosis, NF1.

34. Chemical and radiation cancerogenesis. Microbial carcinogenesis: RNA és DNA viruses, Helicobacter pylori

 

Digital photo

1. Emphysema postmortale hepatis

2. Infarctus anaemicus cordis

3. Infarctus subendocardiale

4. Infarctus lienis

5. Infarctus haemorrhagicus intestini

6. Gangraena sicca

7. Abscessus cerebelli

8. Cysta postencephalomalaciam

9. Abscessus hepatis

10. Pancreatitis acuta et adiponecrosis

11. Adiponecrosis

12. Atrophia cerebri

13. Hyperplasia prostatae et vesica trabeculata

14. Hypertrophia concentrica ventriculi sinistri cordis

15. Hypertrophia dilatativa ventriculi sinistri cordis

16. Cor pulmonale chronicum

17. Steatosis hepatis

18. Atherosclerosis

19. Amyloidosis lienis

20. Cholecystitis chronica et cholecystolithiasis

21. Choledocholithiasis

22. Stenosis calcificata valvulae aortae

23. Apoplexia cerebri

24. Haematoma epidurale

25. Haematoma subdurale

26. Aneurysma aortae abdominalis

27. Aneurysma thrombotisans aortae abdominalis

28. Thrombosis atrii sinistri cordis

29. Necrosis haemorrhagica centralis hepatis

30. Pericarditis fibrinosa

31. Colitis pseudomembranacea

32. Meningitis purulenta

33. Cholecystitis acuta et empyema

34. Bronchopneumonia

35. Pneumonia lobaris

36. Abscess pulmonis

37. Tuberculosis miliaris pulmonis

38. Sarcoidosis

39. Fibroadenoma mammae

40. Carcinoma mammae

41. Cysta dermoides

42. Polypus rectalis

43. Adenocarcinoma coli

44. Metastasis ad hepar

45. Carcinosis peritonei

 

 

The Department of Pathology reserves the right to propose minor modifications in the curriculum

Examiners

• Bogner Barna István
• Gyömörei Csaba
• Kajtár Béla
• Kálmán Endre
• Kereskai László
• Pajor László
• Pap Anita
• Semjén Dávid
• Tornóczki Tamás
• Vida Livia

Instructor / tutor of practices and seminars

• Éles Klára
• Gyömörei Csaba
• Kajtár Béla
• Kereskai László
• KURZUSHOZ RENDELT OKTATÓ
• Pajor László
• Pap Anita
• Semjén Dávid
• Tornóczki Tamás
• Vida Livia