Data
Official data in SubjectManager for the following academic year: 2024-2025
Course director
-
Tornóczki Tamás
professor,
Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory -
Number of hours/semester
lectures: 28 hours
practices: 0 hours
seminars: 28 hours
total of: 56 hours
Subject data
- Code of subject: OSP-PO1-T
- 4 kredit
- Dentistry
- Pre-clinical modul
- autumn
OSA-MXO-T finished , OSA-FAY-T finished , OSA-EF2-T finished
Course headcount limitations
min. 5 – max. 100
Topic
Basic pathological cellular responses underlying the various disease processes are taught during this course. These are discussed in the following seven main chapters: necrosis, degeneration, accumulation, growth disturbances, acute and chronic inflammation, circulation, immune pathology and general oncology. The most common and most important diseases are also discussed in details during the lectures and seminars.
The main educational task of this subject is to have the students understand the disease concepts as the unity of macroscopy, microscopy, clinical signs and symptoms, genetic and laboratory changes; factors that shape the clinicopathological thinking about diseases.
The general pathology course will form the very basis for the systemic / organ pathology as well as the subsequent clinical studies by teaching the etiology, pathogenesis and pathomechanism together with the gross morphological and microscopical changes of the various diseases. During this activity the principal and methodology of the diagnostic pathology will be covered.
The theoretical part of the subject consists of 2 lectures a week (28 lectures altogether). The practical part includes 2x45 min. practice a week (altogether 14x90 min. in the course of the semester), which begins with 4x90 min. autopsy (4 practices), followed by 10x90 min. histopathology (10 practices).
Lectures
- 1. I. INTRODUCTION, POSTMORTEM CHANGES, NECROSIS (4 LECTURES) Postmortal changes. Cell injury and cell death. Causes of cell injury. Necrosis. Ultrastructural, light microscopical and gross changes - Tornóczki Tamás
- 2. Types of of necrosis: coagulation and liquefactive necrosis. Organ examples. - Tornóczki Tamás
- 3. Clinicopathology of AMI - Tornóczki Tamás
- 4. Other types of necrosis. Apoptosis. - Tornóczki Tamás
- 5. II. DEGENERATION, ACCUMULATION, PIGMENTS, CALACIFICATION (4 LECTURES) Degenerations - Vida Livia
- 6. Endogenous pigments - Vida Livia
- 7. Exogenous pigments. Accumulation. - Vida Livia
- 8. Calcifications, lithiasis, amyloidosis. - Vida Livia
- 9. III. GROWTH DISTURBANCES (3 LECTURES) Regressive changes: atrophy. Organ examples. Classification of cells according to the mitotic capacity - Kereskai László
- 10. Progressive changes: hyperplasia and hypertrophy 1. - Kereskai László
- 11. Progressive changes: hyperplasia and hypertrophy 2. - Kereskai László
- 12. IV. PATHOLOGY OF CIRCULATION. (4 LECTURES) Oedema, hyperaemia and congestion - Kajtár Béla
- 13. Hemorrhages - Kajtár Béla
- 14. Thrombosis and embolisation - Kajtár Béla
- 15. Hypertension. Shock - Kajtár Béla
- 16. V. INFLAMMATIONS (4 LECTURES) Definition of acute inflammation, cellular and vascular reactions - Kajtár Béla
- 17. Clinicopathological forms of acute inflammation - Kajtár Béla
- 18. Chronic inflammation - Kajtár Béla
- 19. Granuloma, granulomatosus inflammation - Kajtár Béla
- 20. VI. IMMUNOPATHOLOGY (3 LECTURES) Hypersensitivity reactions - Kereskai László
- 21. Autoimmune diseases - Kereskai László
- 22. Immundeficiencies, transplantation immunolgy - Kereskai László
- 23. VII. ONCOPATHOLOGY (6 LECTURES) Neoplasia, nomenclature, definitions. Benign and malignant behaviour of tumours. Terminology (nomenclature) of neoplasms. Definition of metaplasia, dysplasia and their relation to neoplasia. Organ examples. Anaplasia - Tornóczki Tamás
- 24. Tumor growth, local spread and metastasis, types of metastases, grading and staging. Paraneoplastic syndromes. Tumor incidence and mortality. - Tornóczki Tamás
- 25. Oncogenes, protooncogenes, oncoproteines, growth factor and growth factor receptor oncogenes (RET, KIT, PDGFR),growth factor receptor overexpression (ERBB1, ERBB2), organ examples. - Tornóczki Tamás
- 26. Oncoproteins and ncogenes in signaltransduction: RAS and RAS signal proteins. Examples for oncogene with non-receptor tyrosine kinase function. The myc oncogene. Types and their changes and role in tumours (c-myc, n-myc). - Tornóczki Tamás
- 27. Tumor supressor genes: RB and p53. Their role in tumorigenesis. - Tornóczki Tamás
- 28. Chemical and radiation cancerogenesis. Microbial carcinogenesis: RNA and DNA viruses. Helicobacter pylori. - Tornóczki Tamás
Practices
Seminars
- 26. Oncopathology 1
- 25. Oncopathology 1
- 24. Chronic inflammation
- 23. Chronic inflammation
- 22. Acute inflammation
- 21. Acute inflammation
- 20. Pathology of circulation 2
- 19. Pathology of circulation 2
- 18. Pathology of circulation 1
- 17. Pathology of circulation 1
- 16. Growth disturbances
- 15. Growth disturbances
- 14. Accumulations
- 13. Accumulations
- 12. Necrosis 2. Degenerations
- 11. Necrosis 2. Degenerations
- 9. Necrosis 1.
- 10. Necrosis 1.
- 8.
Autopsy practice
...
- 7. Autopsy practice
- 6. Autopsy practice
- 5. Autopsy practice
- 4. Autopsy practice
- 3. Autopsy practice
- 2. Autopsy practice
- 1. Autopsy practice
- 27. Oncopathology 2
- 28. Oncopathology 2
Reading material
Obligatory literature
V. Kumar, A. Abbas, J. Aster: Robbins Basic Pathology, 10th ed. Elsevier, ISBN: 978-0-323-3-53175, 2017
Online teaching materials (lecture handouts and lectures) are available at Potepedia (https://potepedia.coursegarden.com/).
Literature developed by the Department
Notes
Recommended literature
Conditions for acceptance of the semester
Maximum two absences, which means 2 practices, are allowed! Absences exceeding this rate (15% of the histopathology classes) in either semester will result in not signing the gradebook!
Mid-term exams
One digital photo, one histological slide and a theoretical question will be given to the students at the examination by the end of the first semester.
Making up for missed classes
Each missed seminar has to be made up for with another group in the same week.
Exam topics/questions
SLIDES
I. NECROSIS
1. Recent infarct of the heart
2. Haemorrhagic infarct of the lung
II. DEGENERATION, ACCUMULATION, PIGMENTS, CALCIFICATION
3. Steatosis hepatis
4. Haemosiderosis of the liver
5. Amyloidosis of the liver
6. Silicosis
III. GROWTH DISTURBANCES
7. Prostatic hyperplasia
8. Endometrial hyperplasia
IV. PATHOLOGY OF CIRCULATION
9. Pulmonary oedema
10. DIC – Fibrin thrombi in the kidney
11. Central hemorrhagic necrosis
V. INFLAMMATIONS
12. Fibrinous pericarditis
13. Pseudomembranous colitis
14. Purulent meningitis
15. Acute appendicitis
16. Sarcoidosis
17. Miliary tuberculosis
VI. ONCOPATHOLOGY
18. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, H-SIL/CIN III
19. Squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip
20. Adenocarcinoma metastasis in a lymph node
THEORETICAL QUESTIONS
I. POSTMORTAL CHANGES, NECROSIS
1. Cell injury and cell death. Causes of cell injury. Necrosis. Ultrastructural, light microscopical and gross changes. Apoptosis: morphology, pathomechanism.
2. Patterns of necrosis: coagulation type. Organ examples.
3. Patterns of necrosis: liquefactive type. Organ examples.
4. Caseous necrosis and adiponecrosis
II. DEGENERATION, ACCUMULATION, PIGMENTS
5. Definition and types of degenerations. Parenchymal and fatty degeneration. Organ examples
6. Pathomorphology, pathogenesis and complications of atherosclerosis Aneurysm types
7. Exogenous and endogenous pigments. Anthracosis. Silicosis.
8. Hemoglobinogenic pigments I. Different forms of jaundice and cholestasis, morphology, differential diagnostics.
9. Hemoglobinogenic pigments II. Pathological forms of iron storage Endogenous nonhemoglobinogenous pigments: lipofuscin, melanin, homogentisinic acid.
10. Dystrophic and metastatic calcification. Organ manifestations. Pathomechanism and clinicopathological forms of stone formation
11. Amyloidosis.
III. GROWTH DISTURBANCES
12. Causes of atrophy; general gross morphology and microscopical characteristics. Pathomechanism of atrophy. Definition of atrophy, hypoplasia, aplasia, agenesia. Osteoporosis.
13. Definition, types and organ examples of hyperplasia. Definition of hypertrophy (causes, morphology, changes at cell cycle)
14. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Causes, sequential compensatory changes and functional consequences. Cor pulmonale chronicum.
IV. PATHOLOGY OF CIRCULATION
15. Definition of edema, pathomechanism (Starling law), clinical forms
16. Classification of haemorrhages based on pathomechanism, clinical forms. Congestion and hyperemia.
17. Thrombosis and embolus: definitions, casues, types and clinical consequences
18. Causes, types and pathomechanisms of shock. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
19. Clinicopathological classification of hypertension and complications
V. INFLAMMATIONS
20. Vascular and cellular mechanisms of acute inflammations
21. Clinicopathological classification of acute inflammation based upon exudate types. Organ examples.
22. Definition, causes, cellular and humoral mechanisms of chronic inflammation.
23. Pathogenesis and clinicopathology of tuberculosis
24. Granuloma, granulomatous inflammation
VI. IMMUNPATHOLOGY
25. Mechanisms of hypersensitivity reactions, examples of related disorders
26. Pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Systemic lupus erythematodes (SLE)
27. Transplantation immunity. Aquired immundeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
VII. ONCOPATHOLOGY
28. Neoplasia, nomenclature, definitions. Definition of metaplasia and dysplasia, organ examples and their connections with neoplasia
29. General characteristics of benigh and malignant tumors, anaplasia, tumor growth, local spread and metastasis, types of metastases
30. Incidence and mortality of cancers. Grading és staging. Paraneoplastic syndromes.
31. Oncogenes, protooncgenes, oncoproteins, growth factor and growth factor receptor oncogenes (RET, KIT, PDGFR), overexpression of normal growth factor receptors (ERBB1, ERBB2). Organ examples.
32. Oncogenes and oncoproteins in signal transduction: RAS and RAS signal proteins. Examples of oncogenes wih non receptor tirosine kinase activity, examples. The myc oncogene: types, their changes and roles in tumors (c-myc, n-myc)
33. Tumor supressor genes: RB and p53 genes and their roles in tumorignesis. Neurofibromatosis, NF1.
34. Chemical and radiation cancerogenesis. Microbial carcinogenesis: RNA és DNA viruses, Helicobacter pylori
Digital photo
1. Emphysema postmortale hepatis
2. Infarctus anaemicus cordis
3. Infarctus subendocardiale
4. Infarctus lienis
5. Infarctus haemorrhagicus intestini
6. Gangraena sicca
7. Abscessus cerebelli
8. Cysta postencephalomalaciam
9. Abscessus hepatis
10. Pancreatitis acuta et adiponecrosis
11. Adiponecrosis
12. Atrophia cerebri
13. Hyperplasia prostatae et vesica trabeculata
14. Hypertrophia concentrica ventriculi sinistri cordis
15. Hypertrophia dilatativa ventriculi sinistri cordis
16. Cor pulmonale chronicum
17. Steatosis hepatis
18. Atherosclerosis
19. Amyloidosis lienis
20. Cholecystitis chronica et cholecystolithiasis
21. Choledocholithiasis
22. Stenosis calcificata valvulae aortae
23. Apoplexia cerebri
24. Haematoma epidurale
25. Haematoma subdurale
26. Aneurysma aortae abdominalis
27. Aneurysma thrombotisans aortae abdominalis
28. Thrombosis atrii sinistri cordis
29. Necrosis haemorrhagica centralis hepatis
30. Pericarditis fibrinosa
31. Colitis pseudomembranacea
32. Meningitis purulenta
33. Cholecystitis acuta et empyema
34. Bronchopneumonia
35. Pneumonia lobaris
36. Abscess pulmonis
37. Tuberculosis miliaris pulmonis
38. Sarcoidosis
39. Fibroadenoma mammae
40. Carcinoma mammae
41. Cysta dermoides
42. Polypus rectalis
43. Adenocarcinoma coli
44. Metastasis ad hepar
45. Carcinosis peritonei
The Department of Pathology reserves the right to propose minor modifications in the curriculum
Examiners
- Bogner Barna István
- Czina Márton
- Fincsur András
- Gyömörei Csaba
- Kajtár Béla
- Kálmán Endre
- Kereskai László
- Pajor László
- Pap Anita
- Semjén Dávid
- Tornóczki Tamás
- Vida Livia
Instructor / tutor of practices and seminars
- Gyömörei Csaba
- Kajtár Béla
- Kereskai László
- KURZUSHOZ RENDELT OKTATÓ
- Pajor László
- Pap Anita
- Semjén Dávid
- Tornóczki Tamás
- Vida Livia