Data
Official data in SubjectManager for the following academic year: 2024-2025
Course director
-
Kajtár Béla
associate professor,
Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory -
Number of hours/semester
lectures: 56 hours
practices: 28 hours
seminars: 28 hours
total of: 112 hours
Subject data
- Code of subject: OAP-PA1-T
- 8 kredit
- General Medicine
- Pre-clinical modul
- autumn
OAA-NEA-T finished , OAA-HUG-T finished , OAP-KN1-T parallel
Course headcount limitations
min. 5 – max. 24
Topic
Basic pathological cellular responses underlying the various disease processes are taught during this course. These are discussed in the following chapters: cell death, degeneration, intra- and extracellular accumulation, growth disturbances, acute and chronic inflammatory changes, disorders of circulation, genetic disorders, diseases of immunity and neoplasia (general oncology).
The most important and frequent diseases in the chapters are going to be discussed in detail in order to provide students comprehensive knowledge to understand autopsy practices as soon as possible. Cardiovascular pathology and pathology of the respiratory tract are two chapters of specific pathology that are also discussed during the course. The driving principle behind this course is to have the students understand basic disease concepts as the unity of macroscopy, microscopy, clinical symptoms and laboratory changes; factors that shape the clinicopathological thinking about diseases.
The main educational task of the subject:
The general pathology course will form the foundation of systemic / organ pathology as well as of subsequent clinical studies by teaching the etiology, pathogenesis and pathomechanism together with the gross morphological and microscopical changes of the various diseases. During this activity the principal and methodology of the diagnostic pathology will be covered.
Any modification to the Hungarian and German versions of the curriculum will be followed by appropriate changes to this course.
Lectures
- 1. The objectives of pathology. Autopsy and surgical pathology. Pathology as a subject. - Tornóczki Tamás
- 2. Postmortal changes. Cell injury and cell death. Causes of cell injury. Necrosis. Ultrastructural, light microscopical and gross changes - Tornóczki Tamás
- 3. Patterns of necrosis: coagulation and liquefactive necrosis. Organ examples. - Tornóczki Tamás
- 4. Clinicopathology of AMI - Tornóczki Tamás
- 5. Caseous necrosis and adiponecrosis. Apoptosis: morphology, pathomechanism. - Tornóczki Tamás
- 6. Degeneration - Vida Livia
- 7. Atherosclerosis - Vida Livia
- 8. Pigments - Vida Livia
- 9. Bilirubin - Vida Livia
- 10. Hemosiderin - Vida Livia
- 11. Calcification - Vida Livia
- 12. Amyloidosis - Vida Livia
- 13. Diabetes and obesity - Vida Livia
- 14. Classification of cells according to the mitotic capacity - Kereskai László
- 15. Progressive changes I: hyperplasia. Prostatic hyperplasia. Glandular cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium - Kereskai László
- 16. Progressive changes II: hypertrophy. Left and right ventricular hypertrophy and their hemodynamic significance - Kereskai László
- 17. Edema - Kajtár Béla
- 18. Hyperemia, congestio - Kajtár Béla
- 19. Haemorrhages - Kajtár Béla
- 20. Thrombosis and embolisation - Kajtár Béla
- 21. Hypertension - Kajtár Béla
- 22. Shock - Kajtár Béla
- 23. Definition of acute inflammation, cellular and vascular reactions - Kajtár Béla
- 24. Mediators of acute inflammation - Kajtár Béla
- 25. Resolution of acute inflammation, reparation - Kajtár Béla
- 26. Clinicopathological forms of acute inflammation Kajtár Béla Dr. - Kajtár Béla
- 27. Chronic inflammation Kajtár Béla Dr. - Kajtár Béla
- 28. Granuloma, granulomatous inflammation Kajtár Béla Dr. - Kajtár Béla
- 29. Tuberculosis Kajtár Béla Dr. - Kajtár Béla
- 30. Type I-IV. hypersensitivities and related disorders - Kereskai László
- 31. Transplantation immunity - Kereskai László
- 32. Pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases - Kereskai László
- 33. Systemic lupus erythematodes (SLE) - Kereskai László
- 34. Aquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - Kereskai László
- 35. Benign and malignant behaviour of tumours. Terminology (nomenclature) of neoplasms. Definition of metaplasia, dysplasia and their relation to neoplasia. Organ examples. Hamartoma and choristoma. - Tornóczki Tamás
- 36. General characteristics of benign and malignant tumours. Anaplasia. Rate of tumour cell growth. Local spread and metastasis of malignant neoplasms. Types of metastases. Epidemiology of tumors. Incidence and mortality. Changes in cancer related death. - Tornóczki Tamás
- 37. Oncogenes, protooncogenes, oncoproteins. Growth factor and growth factor receptor oncogenes (RET, KIT, PDGFR). Overexpression of normal growth factor receptors (ERBB1, ERBB2). Organ examples. - Tornóczki Tamás
- 38. Oncogenes and oncoproteins in signal transduction: RAS and RASsignal proteins. Examples for oncogene with nonreceptor tyrosine kinase function. - Tornóczki Tamás
- 39. The myc oncogene. Types and their changes and role in tumours (cmyc, nmyc). Cell cycle regulators: p16 gene. - Tornóczki Tamás
- 40. Tumour suppressor genes: RB and p53. Their role in tumorigenesis. Organ examples. - Tornóczki Tamás
- 41. Tumour suppressor genes: NF1, NF2, VHL, WT1 and WT2. Related syndromes. - Tornóczki Tamás
- 42. Chemical and radiation cancerogenesis. The multistep carcinogenesis of colorectal adenocarcinoma. - Tornóczki Tamás
- 43. Microbial carcinogenesis: RNA and DNA viruses. Helicobacter pylori. - Tornóczki Tamás
- 44. Clinical aspects of neoplasia. Paraneoplastic syndromes, tumour markers. Grading and staging. Laboratory diagnosis of cancer. - Tornóczki Tamás
- 45. Ischemic heart diseases, sudden cardiac death, angina pectoris, chronic ischemic heart disease - Tornóczki Tamás
- 46. Pathology of heart valves, myocarditides - Tornóczki Tamás
- 47. Cardiomyopathies, tumours of the heart and pericardial disorders - Tornóczki Tamás
- 48. Congenital heart diseases - Tornóczki Tamás
- 49. Vasculitides. Vascular tumours. Aneurysms. - Tornóczki Tamás
- 50. Pathology of upper airways - Vida Livia
- 51. Congenital anomalies of the lung, pulmonary edema, atelectasis, acute lung injury - Vida Livia
- 52. Lower airway infections - Vida Livia
- 53. Chronic obstructive lung diseases - Vida Livia
- 54. Chronic restrictive lung diseases - Vida Livia
- 55. Tumours of the lung - Vida Livia
- 56. Pleural and mediastinal disorders - Vida Livia
Practices
- 1. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
...
- 2. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 3. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 4. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 5. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 6. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 7. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 8. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 9. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 10. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 11. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 12. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 13. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 14. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 15. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 16. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 17. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 18. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 19. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 20. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 21. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 22. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
- 23.
Autopsy exam
...
- 24.
Autopsy exam
- 25. Autopsy exam
- 24.
- 26. Autopsy exam
- 27. Additional exam opportunity (to correct the grade)
- 28. Additional exam opportunity (to correct the grade)
Seminars
- 1. Week 1: Introduction, postmortal changes
- 2. Week 1: Introduction, postmortal changes 2
- 3. Week 2: Necrosis 1
- 4. Week 2: Necrosis 2
- 5. Week 3: Necrosis 3
- 6. Week 3: Degeneration 1
- 7. Week 4: Accumulation, lithiasis
- 8. Week 4: Accumulation, lithiasis 2
- 9. Week 5: Growth abnormalities
- 10. Week 5: Growth abnormalities 2
- 11. Week 6: Pathology of circulation
- 12. Week 6: Pathology of circulation 2
- 13. Week 7: Acute inflammation
- 14. Week 7: Acute inflammation 2
- 15. Week 8: Chronic inflammation
- 16. Week 8: Chronic inflammation 2
- 17. Week 9: Oncopathology 1
- 18. Week 9: Oncopathology 2
- 19. Week 10: Oncopathology 3
- 20. Week 10: Oncopathology 4
- 21. Week 11: Cardiovascular pathology 1
- 22. Week 11: Cardiovascular pathology 2
- 23. Week 12: Cardiovascular pathology 3
- 24. Week 12: Cardiovascular pathology 4
- 25. Week 13: Pathology of the respiratory tract 1
- 26. Week 13: Pathology of the respiratory tract 2
- 27. Week 14: Pathology of the respiratory tract 3
- 28. Week 14: Pathology of the respiratory tract 4
Reading material
Obligatory literature
V. Kumar: Robbins Basic Pathology, 11th edition, Elsevier, 2022, ISBN: 9780323790185
Previous editions are acceptable.
Literature developed by the Department
Lecture handouts, videos as well as slide descriptions are available at Potepedia.
Notes
Recommended literature
Conditions for acceptance of the semester
Absences exceeding 15% each of the histopathology and autopsy practical classes will result in denial of signing the gradebook. Maximum allowed absence: two 90-minute Histopathology Seminars and two 90-minute Autopsy practises.
Mid-term exams
On the 12th an 13th weeks, autopsy exam will be organized regarding description of organs and pathological alterations. A practical grade will be assigned to students, that counts as one part of the final exam. A repeat chance will be offered on the 14th week. The final exam will consist of four parts: practical grade, one macropreparation or digital photo, one histological preparation and one theoretical question.
Making up for missed classes
Each missed seminar may be made up with another group.
Exam topics/questions
PREPARATIONS
I. POSTMORTEM CHANGES, NECROSIS
1 Haemorrhagic infarct of the small intestine
2 Gangraena sicca of the toes
II. DEGENERATION, ACCUMULATION, PIGMENTS, CALCIFICATION
3 Steatosis hepatis
4 Aortic athersclerosis with aneurysm
5 Haemochromatosis
6 Cholelithiasis, chronic cholecystitis and empyema
7 Table of frequent bilestones
III. GROWTH DISTURBANCES
8 Cerebral atrophy
9 Chronic cor pulmonale
IV. PATHOLOGY OF CIRCULATION
10 Abdominal aortic aneurysm, parietal thrombosis
11 Left atrial ball thrombus
V. INFLAMMATIONS
12 Fibrinous pericarditis - cor villosum
13 Pulmonary abscess
14 Phthisis cavernosa
VI. ONCOPATHOLOGY
15 Fibroadenoma of breast
16 Carcinoma of the breast
17 Leiomyoma of uterus
18 Cysta dermoides
19 Rectal polyp
20 Rectal adenocarcinoma
VII. CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY
21 Endocarditis chronica - mitral stenosis
22 Dilative (congestive) cardiomyopathy
23 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
24 Luetic aortitis
25 Cavernous hemangioma of the liver
VIII. PATHOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
26 Supraglottic carcinoma of the larynx
27 NRDS
28 Bronchiectasis (foreign body in the bronchus)
DIGITAL PHOTOS
1. Postmortem emphysema
2. Anemic infarct of the heart
3. Subendocardial infarct
4. Splenic infarct
5. Hemorrhagic intestinal infarct
6. Gangrene
7. Abscess of the cerebellum
8. Post encephalomalacial cyst
9. Hepatic abscess
10. Acute pancreatitis and adiponecrosis
11. Adiponecrosis
12. Cerebral atrophy
13. Prostatic hyperplasia and vesica trabeculata
14. Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy
15. Dilative left ventricular hypertrophy
16. Cor pulmonale chronicum
17. Steatosis of the liver
18. Atherosclerosis
19. Amyloidosis of the spleen
20. Chronic cholecystitis, cholecystolithiasis
21. Choledocholithiasis
22. Calcified aortic valve stenosis
23. Cerebral apoplexy
24. Abdominal aortic aneurysm
25. Abdominal aortic aneurysm with thrombosis
26. Left atrial thrombosis
27. Central hemorrhagic necrosis of the liver
28. Fibrinous pericarditis
29. Pseudomembranaceous colitis
30. Purulent meningitis
31. Acute cholecystitis with empyema
32. Bronchopneumonia
33. Lobar pneumonia
34. Abscess of the lung
35. Miliary tuberculosis of the lung
36. Sarcoidosis
37. Fibroadenoma of the breast
38. Carcinoma of the breast
39. Dermoid cyst
40. Rectal polyp
41. Adenocarcinoma of the colon
42. Hepatic metastasis
43. Carcinosis of the peritoneum
44. Aneurysm of the left ventricle with thrombosis
45. Acute endocarditis
46. Chronic endocarditis
47. Aortic dissection
48. Dilative cardiomyopathy
49. ASD and VSD
50. Laryngeal carcinoma
51. Silicosis
52. Bronchiectasis
53. Callus of the pleura and mesothelioma
54. Bronchial carcinoma
55. Carcinoma of the bronchus
SLIDES
I. POSTMORTEM CHANGES, NECROSIS
1 Normal and postmortal pancreas
2 Apoptosis in a reactive lymph node (follicular hyperplasia)
3 Recent infarct of the heart
4 Hemorrhagic infarct of the lung
5 Encephalomalacia alba
6 Acute pancreatitis, adiponecrosis
II. DEGENERATION, ACCUMULATION, PIGMENTS, CALCIFICATION
7 Parenchymal degeneration in kidney
8 Steatosis hepatis
9 Brown induration of the lung
10 Haemosiderosis of liver
11 Anthracosis of lymph node
12 Amyloidosis of the liver
13 Calcification in breast cancer (Kossa's stain)
14 Gaucher's disease
III. GROWTH DISTURBANCES
15 Normal and hypertrophic cardiac muscle
16 Prostatic hyperplasia
17 Glandular cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium
IV. PATHOLOGY OF CIRCULATION
18 Pulmonary edema
19 Thrombus and postmortem blood clot
20 DIC (fibrinthrombi in kidney) (fibrin stain)
21 Central hemorrhagic necrosis
V. INFLAMMATIONS
22 Fibrinous pericarditis - cor villosum
23 Pseudomembranous colitis
24 Bronchopneumonia
25 Lobar pneumonia
26 Purulent meningitis
27 Acute appendicitis
28 Chronic cholecystitis
29 Sarcoidosis in lymph node
30 Foreign body granuloma
31 Miliary tuberculosisof the lung
32 Myocardial infarct with organisation
VI. ONCOPATHOLOGY
33 Squamous metaplasia in bronchus
34 Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia CIN III
35 Polypus adenomatosus coli (p53)
36 Squamous carcinoma of lower lip
37 Adenocarcinoma metastasis in lymph node
38 Anaplastic carcinoma (brain metastasis)
VII. CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY
39 Viral myocarditis
40 Hypertrophic card iomyopathy
41 Arteritis temporalis
42 Haemangioma cavernosum hepatis
43 Kaposi sarcoma
VIII. PATHOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY TRACT
44 NRDS
45 Aspergillosis of the lung
46 CMV lung
47 Bronchial asthma
48 Silicosis
49 Microcellular carcinoma of the lung
50 Planocellular carcinoma of the lung
51 Lepidic adenocarcinoma
THEORETICAL QUESTIONS
I. POSTMORTEM CHANGES, NECROSIS
1 The objectives of pathology. Autopsy and surgical pathology. Pathology as a subject.
2 Postmortal changes. Cell injury and cell death. Causes of cell injury.
3 Necrosis. Ultrastructural, light microscopical and gross changes.
4 Patterns of necrosis: coagulation type. Organ examples.
5 Patterns of necrosis: liquefactive type. Organ examples.
6 Caseous necrosis and adiponecrosis.
7 Apoptosis: morphology, pathomechanism.
II. DEGENERATION, ACCUMULATION, PIGMENTS, CALCIFICATION
8 The definition and types of degenerations. Parenchymal and fatty degeneration. Organ examples.
9 Pathomorphology, pathogenesis and complications of atherosclerosis
10 Characteristics of pigments. Exogenous pigments and accumulation.
11 Hemoglobinogenic pigments I. Different forms and causes of jaundice.
12 Hemoglobinogenic pigments II. Pathological forms of iron storage (types, clinicopathological characteristics)
13 Endogenous non-hemoglobinogenic pigments: lipofuscin, melanin, homogentizic acid (ochronosis)
14 Dystrophic and metastatic calcification. Organ manifestations
15 Pathomechanism and clinicopathological forms of stone formation
16 Amyloidosis
17 Pathology of obesity and diabetes
III. GROWTH DISTURBANCES
18 Causes of atrophy; general gross morphology and microscopical characteristics. Pathomechanism of atrophy. Hypoplasia, aplasia, agenesia. Osteoporosis.
19 Definition, types and organ examples of hyperplasia
20 Definition of hypertrophy and characteristics
21 Left ventricular hypertrophy. Causes, sequential compensatory changes and functional consequences.
22 Cor pulmonale chronicum
IV. PATHOLOGY OF CIRCULATION
23 Definition of edema, pathomechanism (Starling law), clinical forms
24 Classification of haemorrhages based on pathomechanism, clinical forms. Congestion and hyperemia.
25 Thrombosis and embolus: definitions, casues, types and clinical consequences
26 Causes, types and pathomechanisms of shock. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
27 Clinicopathological classification of hypertension and complications
V. INFLAMMATIONS
28 Vascular and cellular mechanisms of acute inflammations, mediators
29 Clinicopathological classification of acute inflammation. Organ examples.
30 Definition, causes, cellular and humoral mechanisms of chronic inflammation.
31 Pathogenesis and clinicopathology of tuberculosis
32 Granuloma, granulomatous inflammation
VI. IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
33 Type I. and type II. hypers ensitivity reactions, mechanisms and related disorders.
34 Type III. and type IV. hypersensitivity reactions, related disorders.
35 Pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, Sjögren syndrome, SLE)
36 AIDS. Transplantation immunity
VII. ONCOPATHOLOGY
37 Neoplasia, nomenclature, definitions. Terminology (nomenclature) of neoplasms.
38 Definition of metaplasia, dysplasia and their relation to neoplasia. Organ examples. Hamartoma and choristoma.
39 General characteristics of benign and malignant tumours. Anaplasia. Rate of tumour cell growth. Local spread and metastasis of malignant neoplasms. Types of metastases.
40 Epidemiology of cancers. Incidence and mortality. Changes in death rates of can cers in the last decades.
41 Oncogenes, protooncogenes, oncoproteins. Growth factor and growth factor receptor oncogenes (RET, KIT, PDGFR). Overexpression of normal growth factor receptors (ERBB1, ERBB2). Organ examples.
42 Oncogenes and oncoproteins in signal transduction: RAS and RAS-signal proteins. Examples for oncogene with non-receptor tyrosine kinase function.
43 The myc oncogene. Types and their changes and role i n tumours (c-myc, n-myc). Cell cycle regulators: p16 gene.
44 Tumour suppressor genes I: RB and p53. Their role in tumorigenesis. Organ examples.
45 Tumour suppressor genes II: NF1, NF2, VHL, WT-1 and WT-2. Related syndromes.
46 Chemical and radiation cancerogenesis. The multistep carcinogenesis of colorectal adenocarcinoma.
47 Microbial carcinogenesis: RNA and DNA viruses. Helicobacter pylori.
48 Clinical aspects of neoplasm. Paraneoplastic syndromes, tumour markers.
49 Grading and staging. Laboratory diagnosis of cancer.
VIII. CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY
50 Angina pectoris, chronic ischemic heart disease, sudden cardiac death.
51 Clinicopathology of acute myocardial infarction.
52 Pathology of the valvular disorders (inflammatory and degenerative ones).
53 Cardiomyopathies. Tumors and tumor-like conditions of the heart.
54 Myocarditis. Pathology of the pericardium.
55 Congenital heart diseases.
56 Types and clinicopathology of the aneurysms.
57 Pathogenesis, classification and clinicopathology of vasculitides. Vascular tumours.
IX. PATHOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY TRACT
58 Diseases of the upper airways
59 Congenital anomalies of the lungs, atelectasis, acute lung injury
60 Infectious disorders of the lower airways (examples of nosocomial and community acquired pneumonia, atypical pneumonia, immunosuppression related infections)
61 General characteristics and types of chronic obstructive lung diseases
62 Chronic restrictive lung diseases I. (IPF/UIP, NSIP, OP, hypersensitive pneumonitis)
63 Chronic restrictive lung diseases II. (pneumoconioses)
64 Vascular diseases of the lung (types of pulmonary hypertension, Wegener granulomatosis, Goodpasture syndrome)
65 Malignant lung tumors
66 Pleural and mediastinal disorders
Comment: The Department of Pathology reserves the right of minor modifications in the curriculum. Physical preparations may be changed to digital photos when issues of quality emerge.
Examiners
- Bogner Barna István
- Gyömörei Csaba
- Kajtár Béla
- Kálmán Endre
- Kereskai László
- Pajor László
- Pap Anita
- Semjén Dávid
- Tornóczki Tamás
- Vida Livia
Instructor / tutor of practices and seminars
- Gyömörei Csaba
- Kajtár Béla
- Kálmán Endre
- Kellermayer Dalma Lucia
- Kereskai László
- KURZUSHOZ RENDELT OKTATÓ
- Pap Anita
- Semjén Dávid
- Vida Livia