Pathology 1 - General Pathology

Data

Official data in SubjectManager for the following academic year: 2025-2026

Topic

Basic pathological cellular responses underlying the various disease processes are taught during this course. These are discussed in the following chapters: cell death, degeneration, intra- and extracellular accumulation, growth disturbances, acute and chronic inflammatory changes, disorders of circulation, genetic disorders, diseases of immunity and neoplasia (general oncology).

The most important and frequent diseases in the chapters are going to be discussed in detail in order to provide students comprehensive knowledge to understand autopsy practices as soon as possible. Cardiovascular pathology and pathology of the respiratory tract are two chapters of specific pathology that are also discussed during the course. The driving principle behind this course is to have the students understand basic disease concepts as the unity of macroscopy, microscopy, clinical symptoms and laboratory changes; factors that shape the clinicopathological thinking about diseases.

The main educational task of the subject:

The general pathology course will form the foundation of systemic / organ pathology as well as of subsequent clinical studies by teaching the etiology, pathogenesis and pathomechanism together with the gross morphological and microscopical changes of the various diseases. During this activity the principal and methodology of the diagnostic pathology will be covered.

Any modification to the Hungarian and German versions of the curriculum will be followed by appropriate changes to this course.

Lectures

• 1. The objectives of pathology. Autopsy and surgical pathology. Pathology as a subject. - Tornóczki Tamás
• 2. Postmortal changes. Cell injury and cell death. Causes of cell injury. Necrosis. Ultrastructural, light microscopical and gross changes - Tornóczki Tamás
• 3. Patterns of necrosis: coagulation and liquefactive necrosis. Organ examples. - Tornóczki Tamás
• 4. Clinicopathology of AMI - Tornóczki Tamás
• 5. Caseous necrosis and adiponecrosis. Apoptosis: morphology, pathomechanism. - Tornóczki Tamás
• 6. Degeneration - Vida Livia
• 7. Atherosclerosis - Vida Livia
• 8. Pigments - Vida Livia
• 9. Bilirubin - Vida Livia
• 10. Hemosiderin - Vida Livia
• 11. Calcification - Vida Livia
• 12. Amyloidosis - Vida Livia
• 13. Diabetes and obesity - Vida Livia
• 14. Classification of cells according to the mitotic capacity - Kereskai László
• 15. Progressive changes I: hyperplasia. Prostatic hyperplasia. Glandular cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium - Kereskai László
• 16. Progressive changes II: hypertrophy. Left and right ventricular hypertrophy and their hemodynamic significance - Kereskai László
• 17. Edema - Kajtár Béla
• 18. Hyperemia, congestio - Kajtár Béla
• 19. Haemorrhages - Kajtár Béla
• 20. Thrombosis and embolisation - Kajtár Béla
• 21. Hypertension - Kajtár Béla
• 22. Shock - Kajtár Béla
• 23. Definition of acute inflammation, cellular and vascular reactions - Kajtár Béla
• 24. Mediators of acute inflammation - Kajtár Béla
• 25. Resolution of acute inflammation, reparation - Kajtár Béla
• 26. Clinicopathological forms of acute inflammation Kajtár Béla Dr. - Kajtár Béla
• 27. Chronic inflammation Kajtár Béla Dr. - Kajtár Béla
• 28. Granuloma, granulomatous inflammation Kajtár Béla Dr. - Kajtár Béla
• 29. Tuberculosis Kajtár Béla Dr. - Kajtár Béla
• 30. Type I-IV. hypersensitivities and related disorders - Kereskai László
• 31. Transplantation immunity - Kereskai László
• 32. Pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases - Kereskai László
• 33. Systemic lupus erythematodes (SLE) - Kereskai László
• 34. Aquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - Kereskai László
• 35. Benign and malignant behaviour of tumours. Terminology (nomenclature) of neoplasms. Definition of metaplasia, dysplasia and their relation to neoplasia. Organ examples. Hamartoma and choristoma. - Tornóczki Tamás
• 36. General characteristics of benign and malignant tumours. Anaplasia. Rate of tumour cell growth. Local spread and metastasis of malignant neoplasms. Types of metastases. Epidemiology of tumors. Incidence and mortality. Changes in cancer related death. - Tornóczki Tamás
• 37. Oncogenes, protooncogenes, oncoproteins. Growth factor and growth factor receptor oncogenes (RET, KIT, PDGFR). Overexpression of normal growth factor receptors (ERBB1, ERBB2). Organ examples. - Tornóczki Tamás
• 38. Oncogenes and oncoproteins in signal transduction: RAS and RASsignal proteins. Examples for oncogene with nonreceptor tyrosine kinase function. - Tornóczki Tamás
• 39. The myc oncogene. Types and their changes and role in tumours (cmyc, nmyc). Cell cycle regulators: p16 gene. - Tornóczki Tamás
• 40. Tumour suppressor genes: RB and p53. Their role in tumorigenesis. Organ examples. - Tornóczki Tamás
• 41. Tumour suppressor genes: NF1, NF2, VHL, WT1 and WT2. Related syndromes. - Tornóczki Tamás
• 42. Chemical and radiation cancerogenesis. The multistep carcinogenesis of colorectal adenocarcinoma. - Tornóczki Tamás
• 43. Microbial carcinogenesis: RNA and DNA viruses. Helicobacter pylori. - Tornóczki Tamás
• 44. Clinical aspects of neoplasia. Paraneoplastic syndromes, tumour markers. Grading and staging. Laboratory diagnosis of cancer. - Tornóczki Tamás
• 45. Ischemic heart diseases, sudden cardiac death, angina pectoris, chronic ischemic heart disease - Tornóczki Tamás
• 46. Pathology of heart valves, myocarditides - Tornóczki Tamás
• 47. Cardiomyopathies, tumours of the heart and pericardial disorders - Tornóczki Tamás
• 48. Congenital heart diseases - Tornóczki Tamás
• 49. Vasculitides. Vascular tumours. Aneurysms. - Tornóczki Tamás
• 50. Pathology of upper airways - Vida Livia
• 51. Congenital anomalies of the lung, pulmonary edema, atelectasis, acute lung injury - Vida Livia
• 52. Lower airway infections - Vida Livia
• 53. Chronic obstructive lung diseases - Vida Livia
• 54. Chronic restrictive lung diseases - Vida Livia
• 55. Tumours of the lung - Vida Livia
• 56. Pleural and mediastinal disorders - Vida Livia

Practices

• 1. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 2. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 3. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 4. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 5. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 6. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 7. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 8. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 9. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 10. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 11. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 12. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 13. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 14. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 15. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 16. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 17. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 18. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 19. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 20. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 21. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 22. One autopsy case per week, with detailed clinicopathological discussion
• 23.

  Autopsy exam

• 24.

  Autopsy exam

• 25. Autopsy exam
• 26. Autopsy exam
• 27. Additional exam opportunity (to correct the grade)
• 28. Additional exam opportunity (to correct the grade)

Seminars

• 1. Week 1: Introduction, postmortal changes
• 2. Week 1: Introduction, postmortal changes 2
• 3. Week 2: Necrosis 1
• 4. Week 2: Necrosis 2
• 5. Week 3: Necrosis 3
• 6. Week 3: Degeneration 1
• 7. Week 4: Accumulation, lithiasis
• 8. Week 4: Accumulation, lithiasis 2
• 9. Week 5: Growth abnormalities
• 10. Week 5: Growth abnormalities 2
• 11. Week 6: Pathology of circulation
• 12. Week 6: Pathology of circulation 2
• 13. Week 7: Acute inflammation
• 14. Week 7: Acute inflammation 2
• 15. Week 8: Chronic inflammation
• 16. Week 8: Chronic inflammation 2
• 17. Week 9: Oncopathology 1
• 18. Week 9: Oncopathology 2
• 19. Week 10: Oncopathology 3
• 20. Week 10: Oncopathology 4
• 21. Week 11: Cardiovascular pathology 1
• 22. Week 11: Cardiovascular pathology 2
• 23. Week 12: Cardiovascular pathology 3
• 24. Week 12: Cardiovascular pathology 4
• 25. Week 13: Pathology of the respiratory tract 1
• 26. Week 13: Pathology of the respiratory tract 2
• 27. Week 14: Pathology of the respiratory tract 3
• 28. Week 14: Pathology of the respiratory tract 4

Reading material

Obligatory literature

V. Kumar: Robbins Basic Pathology, 11th edition, Elsevier, 2022, ISBN: 9780323790185

Previous editions are acceptable.

Literature developed by the Department

Lecture handouts, as well as slide descriptions are available at Potepedia.

Notes

Recommended literature

Conditions for acceptance of the semester

Absences exceeding 15% each of the histopathology and autopsy practical classes will result in denial of signing the gradebook. Maximum allowed absence: two 90-minute Histopathology Seminars and two 90-minute Autopsy practises.

Mid-term exams

On the 12th an 13th weeks, autopsy exam will be organized regarding description of organs and pathological alterations. A practical grade will be assigned to students, that counts as one part of the final exam. A repeat chance will be offered on the 14th week. The final exam will consist of four parts: practical grade, one macropreparation or digital photo, one histological preparation and one theoretical question.

Making up for missed classes

Each missed seminar may be made up with another group.

Exam topics/questions

PREPARATIONS

I. POSTMORTEM CHANGES, NECROSIS

1 Haemorrhagic infarct of the small intestine

2 Gangraena sicca of the toes

II. DEGENERATION, ACCUMULATION, PIGMENTS, CALCIFICATION

3 Haemochromatosis

4 Cholelithiasis, chronic cholecystitis and empyema

III. GROWTH DISTURBANCES

5 Chronic cor pulmonale
6 Cerebral atrophy

IV. PATHOLOGY OF CIRCULATION

7 Abdominal aortic aneurysm, parietal thrombosis

8 Left atrial ball thrombus

V. INFLAMMATIONS

9 Fibrinous pericarditis - cor villosum

10 Pulmonary abscess

11 Phthisis cavernosa

VI. ONCOPATHOLOGY

12 Fibroadenoma of breast

13 Carcinoma of the breast

14 Leiomyoma of uterus

15 Cysta dermoides

16 Rectal polyp

17 Rectal adenocarcinoma

VII. CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY

18 Endocarditis chronica - mitral stenosis

19 Dilative (congestive) cardiomyopathy

20 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

21 Luetic aortitis

22 Cavernous hemangioma of the liver

VIII. PATHOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

23 Supraglottic carcinoma of the larynx

24 Bronchiectasis (foreign body in the bronchus)
25 NRDS

  

DIGITAL PHOTOS

I. POSTMORTEM CHANGES, NECROSIS

1. Postmortem emphysema

2. Anemic infarct of the heart

3. Subendocardial infarct

4. Splenic infarct and splenomegaly

5. Hemorrhagic intestinal infarct

6. Gangrene of the foot

7. Abscess of the cerebellum

8. Post encephalomalacial cyst

9. Acute pancreatitis and adiponecrosis

10. Adiponecrosis

II. DEGENERATION, ACCUMULATION, PIGMENTS, CALCIFICATION

11. Steatosis of the liver

12. Atherosclerosis

13. Amyloidosis of the spleen
14. Calcified aortic valve stenosis

15. Chronic cholecystitis, cholecystolithiasis

III. GROWTH DISTURBANCES
16. Cerebral atrophy

17. Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy

18. Dilative left ventricular hypertrophy

19. Cor pulmonale chronicum

20. Prostatic hyperplasia and vesica trabeculata

IV. PATHOLOGY OF CIRCULATION

21. Cerebral apoplexy

22. Central hemorrhagic necrosis of the liver
23. Abdominal aortic aneurysm with thrombosis

24. Left atrial thrombosis

V. INFLAMMATIONS

25. Fibrinous pericarditis
26. Fibrinopurulent pericarditis

27. Pseudomembranaceous colitis

28. Bronchopneumonia

29. Lobar pneumonia

30. Abscess of the lung
31. Purulent meningitis
32. Sarcoidosis

33. Miliary tuberculosis of the lung

VI. ONCOPATHOLOGY

34. Fibroadenoma of the breast

35. Carcinoma of the breast

36. Rectal polyp

37. Adenocarcinoma of the colon

38. Dermoid cyst
39. Hepatic metastasis

40. Carcinosis of the peritoneum

VII. CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY

41. Aneurysm of the left ventricle with thrombosis

42. Acute endocarditis

43. Chronic endocarditis

44. Aortic dissection

45. Dilative cardiomyopathy

46. ASD and VSD

VIII. PATHOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

50. Laryngeal carcinoma

51. Silicosis

52. Bronchiectasis

53. Carcinoma of the bronchus

  

 

SLIDES

I. POSTMORTEM CHANGES, NECROSIS

1 Normal and postmortal pancreas

2 Apoptosis in a reactive lymph node (follicular hyperplasia)

3 Recent infarct of the heart

4 Hemorrhagic infarct of the lung

5 Encephalomalacia alba

6 Acute pancreatitis, adiponecrosis

II. DEGENERATION, ACCUMULATION, PIGMENTS, CALCIFICATION

7 Parenchymal degeneration in kidney

8 Steatosis hepatis

9 Brown induration of the lung

10 Haemosiderosis of liver

11 Anthracosis of lymph node

12 Amyloidosis of the liver

13 Calcification in breast cancer (Kossa's stain)

14 Gaucher's disease

III. GROWTH DISTURBANCES

15 Normal and hypertrophic cardiac muscle

16 Prostatic hyperplasia

17 Glandular cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium

IV. PATHOLOGY OF CIRCULATION

18 Pulmonary edema

19 Thrombus and postmortem blood clot

20 DIC (fibrinthrombi in kidney) (fibrin stain)

21 Central hemorrhagic necrosis

V. INFLAMMATIONS

22 Fibrinous pericarditis - cor villosum

23 Pseudomembranous colitis

24 Bronchopneumonia

25 Lobar pneumonia

26 Purulent meningitis

27 Acute appendicitis

28 Chronic cholecystitis

29 Sarcoidosis in lymph node

30 Foreign body granuloma

31 Miliary tuberculosisof the lung

32 Myocardial infarct with organisation

VI. ONCOPATHOLOGY

33 Squamous metaplasia in bronchus

34 Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia CIN III

35 Polypus adenomatosus coli (p53)

36 Squamous carcinoma of lower lip

37 Adenocarcinoma metastasis in lymph node

38 Anaplastic carcinoma (brain metastasis)

VII. CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY

39 Viral myocarditis

40 Hypertrophic card iomyopathy

41 Arteritis temporalis

42 Haemangioma cavernosum hepatis

43 Kaposi sarcoma

VIII. PATHOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY TRACT

44 NRDS

45 Aspergillosis of the lung

46 CMV lung

47 Bronchial asthma

48 Silicosis

49 Microcellular carcinoma of the lung

50 Planocellular carcinoma of the lung

51 Lepidic adenocarcinoma

THEORETICAL QUESTIONS

I. POSTMORTEM CHANGES, NECROSIS

1 The objectives of pathology. Autopsy and surgical pathology. Pathology as a subject.

2 Postmortal changes. Cell injury and cell death. Causes of cell injury.

3 Necrosis. Ultrastructural, light microscopical and gross changes.

4 Patterns of necrosis: coagulation type. Organ examples.

5 Patterns of necrosis: liquefactive type. Organ examples.

6 Caseous necrosis and adiponecrosis.

7 Apoptosis: morphology, pathomechanism.

II. DEGENERATION, ACCUMULATION, PIGMENTS, CALCIFICATION

8 The definition and types of degenerations. Parenchymal and fatty degeneration. Organ examples.

9 Pathomorphology, pathogenesis and complications of atherosclerosis

10 Characteristics of pigments. Exogenous pigments and accumulation.

11 Hemoglobinogenic pigments I. Different forms and causes of jaundice.

12 Hemoglobinogenic pigments II. Pathological forms of iron storage (types, clinicopathological characteristics)

13 Endogenous non-hemoglobinogenic pigments: lipofuscin, melanin, homogentizic acid (ochronosis)

14 Dystrophic and metastatic calcification. Organ manifestations

15 Pathomechanism and clinicopathological forms of stone formation

16 Amyloidosis

III. GROWTH DISTURBANCES

17 Causes of atrophy; general gross morphology and microscopical characteristics. Pathomechanism of atrophy. Hypoplasia, aplasia, agenesia. Osteoporosis.

18 Definition, types and organ examples of hyperplasia

19 Definition of hypertrophy and characteristics

20 Left ventricular hypertrophy. Causes, sequential compensatory changes and functional consequences.

21 Cor pulmonale chronicum

IV. PATHOLOGY OF CIRCULATION

22 Definition of edema, pathomechanism (Starling law), clinical forms

23 Classification of haemorrhages based on pathomechanism, clinical forms. Congestion and hyperemia.

24 Thrombosis and embolus: definitions, casues, types and clinical consequences

25 Causes, types and pathomechanisms of shock. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

26 Clinicopathological classification of hypertension and complications

V. INFLAMMATIONS

27 Vascular and cellular mechanisms of acute inflammations, mediators

28 Clinicopathological classification of acute inflammation. Organ examples.

29 Definition, causes, cellular and humoral mechanisms of chronic inflammation.

30 Pathogenesis and clinicopathology of tuberculosis

31 Granuloma, granulomatous inflammation

VI. IMMUNOPATHOLOGY

32 Type I. and type II. hypers ensitivity reactions, mechanisms and related disorders.

33 Type III. and type IV. hypersensitivity reactions, related disorders.

34 Pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, Sjögren syndrome, SLE)

35 AIDS. Transplantation immunity

VII. ONCOPATHOLOGY

36 Neoplasia, nomenclature, definitions. Terminology (nomenclature) of neoplasms.

37 Definition of metaplasia, dysplasia and their relation to neoplasia. Organ examples. Hamartoma and choristoma.

38 General characteristics of benign and malignant tumours. Anaplasia. Rate of tumour cell growth. Local spread and metastasis of malignant neoplasms. Types of metastases.

39 Epidemiology of cancers. Incidence and mortality. Changes in death rates of can cers in the last decades.

40 Oncogenes, protooncogenes, oncoproteins. Growth factor and growth factor receptor oncogenes (RET, KIT, PDGFR). Overexpression of normal growth factor receptors (ERBB1, ERBB2). Organ examples.

41 Oncogenes and oncoproteins in signal transduction: RAS and RAS-signal proteins. Examples for oncogene with non-receptor tyrosine kinase function.

42 The myc oncogene. Types and their changes and role i n tumours (c-myc, n-myc). Cell cycle regulators: p16 gene.

43 Tumour suppressor genes I: RB and p53. Their role in tumorigenesis. Organ examples.

44 Tumour suppressor genes II: NF1, NF2, VHL, WT-1 and WT-2. Related syndromes.

45 Chemical and radiation cancerogenesis. The multistep carcinogenesis of colorectal adenocarcinoma.

46 Microbial carcinogenesis: RNA and DNA viruses. Helicobacter pylori.

47 Clinical aspects of neoplasm. Paraneoplastic syndromes, tumour markers.

48 Grading and staging. Laboratory diagnosis of cancer.

VIII. CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY

49 Angina pectoris, chronic ischemic heart disease, sudden cardiac death.

50 Clinicopathology of acute myocardial infarction.

51 Pathology of the valvular disorders (inflammatory and degenerative ones).

52 Cardiomyopathies. Tumors and tumor-like conditions of the heart.

53 Myocarditis. Pathology of the pericardium.

54 Congenital heart diseases.

55 Types and clinicopathology of the aneurysms.

56 Pathogenesis, classification and clinicopathology of vasculitides. Vascular tumours.

IX. PATHOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY TRACT

57 Diseases of the upper airways

58 Congenital anomalies of the lungs, atelectasis, acute lung injury

59 Infectious disorders of the lower airways (examples of nosocomial and community acquired pneumonia, atypical pneumonia, immunosuppression related infections)

60 General characteristics and types of chronic obstructive lung diseases

61 Chronic restrictive lung diseases I. (IPF/UIP, NSIP, OP, hypersensitive pneumonitis)

62 Chronic restrictive lung diseases II. (pneumoconioses)

63 Vascular diseases of the lung (types of pulmonary hypertension, Wegener granulomatosis, Goodpasture syndrome)

64 Malignant lung tumors

65 Pleural and mediastinal disorders

Comment: The Department of Pathology reserves the right of minor modifications in the curriculum. Physical preparations may be changed to digital photos when issues of quality emerge.

 

Examiners

• Bogner Barna István
• Gyömörei Csaba
• Kajtár Béla
• Kálmán Endre
• Kereskai László
• Pajor László
• Pap Anita
• Semjén Dávid
• Tornóczki Tamás
• Vida Livia

Instructor / tutor of practices and seminars

• Gyömörei Csaba
• Kajtár Béla
• Kálmán Endre
• Kellermayer Dalma Lucia
• Kereskai László
• KURZUSHOZ RENDELT OKTATÓ
• Pap Anita
• Semjén Dávid
• Vida Livia