Human Physiology

Data

Official data in SubjectManager for the following academic year: 2024-2025

Topic

The most important mission of the Physiology Course in medical education is to familiarize students with the basics of the complex network of human physiology, based on prior knowledge of biology, physics, chemistry, and biochemistry. In this way, they can understand the basic anatomy and functions of each organ and organ system. The students can understand how they interact to adapt to the environment and the factors that influence them. During the practicals, students learn the main procedures to study the function of human organs and organ systems. Using the knowledge of complex human physiological processes, the biotechnology students will also learn the interconnections and mutual influences of physiological systems. Students will be enabled at a basic level to apply their knowledge in the design process of experiments and the analysis and interpretation of experimental results of pharmaceutical tests.

Lectures

• 1. Introduction to Physiology. Body fluid compartments and blood components. Principles of homeostatic regulation - Lengyel Ferenc
• 2. Functions of blood cellular elements. Blood clotting. - Hormay Edina Emőke
• 3. Cellular transport of substances - Tóth Attila
• 4. Basics of cellular excitability: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials - Kecskés Miklós
• 5. General properties of neurons. Synapses and neurotransmitters - Kecskés Miklós
• 6. Physiology of Muscle: Basic anatomy; Mechanism and energetics of muscle contraction - Barabás Klaudia
• 7. Regulation of mucle contraction in skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle - Barabás Klaudia
• 8. Physiology of heart: Basic anatomy. Cardiac cycle. Pacemaker and conductive system. Fundamentals of ECG - László Bettina Réka (Csetényi)
• 9. Overview of circulation in the human body (pressure, flow, resistance). Functions of the arterial, venous and lymph systems - Zagorácz Olga
• 10. Local, humoral and neural control of circulation.    - Zagorácz Olga
• 11. Respiration: Basic anatomy. Pulmonary ventilation, circulation, and gas exchange   - Petykó Zoltán
• 12. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood and tissue fluids. Regulation of respiration - Petykó Zoltán
• 13. General principles of gastrointestinal function: anatomy, motility, nervous and humoral control - Kövesdi Erzsébet
• 14. Secretory functions, digestion and absorption in the alimentary tract - Kövesdi Erzsébet
• 15. Energy balance, metabolic rate and temperature regulation - Kövesdi Erzsébet
• 16. General principles of kidney function: Functional anatomy of the urinary tract and urine formation by kidneys - Kovács Gergely
• 17. Tubular transport mechanisms of the kidney. Regulation of water and electrolyte excretion - Kovács Gergely
• 18. Endocrinology. Pituitary hormones. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal control of hormonal secretion. - Barabás Klaudia
• 19. Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate and intermediary metabolism. - Barabás Klaudia
• 20. Adrenocortical hormones, endocrinology of stress - Barabás Klaudia
• 21. Structure, function and hormonal control of reproductive organs. - Hormay Edina Emőke
• 22. Endocrinology of thyroid gland.  Regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. - Kövesdi Erzsébet
• 23. The somatic and autonomic nervous system, anatomy, basic physiology - Szabó István (Élettan)
• 24. Sensory receptors. Neural circuits for information processing. Somatosensory system. Pain - Mintál Kitti
• 25. The special senses: Vision - Mintál Kitti
• 26. The special senses: Hearing. Chemical senses. - Szabó István (Élettan)
• 27. Motor and integrative functions - Szabó István (Élettan)
• 28. Higher order cortical functions - Pál József

Practices

• 1. Introduction to physiology and general histology.
• 2. Introduction to physiology and general histology.
• 3. Blood: Hematokrit, the morphology of cell types using stained blood film, blood groups
• 4. Blood: Hematokrit, the morphology of cell types using stained blood film, blood groups
• 5. The neuron. Compound and single fiber action potential, conduction velocity (SimNerv)
• 6. The neuron. Compound and single fiber action potential, conduction velocity (SimNerv)
• 7. Muscle physiology: Summation, superposition, incomplete and complete tetanus. (SimMuscle)
• 8. Electromyography.
• 9. Heart: In situ vertebrate heart preparation and examination.
• 10. Cardiac cycle. Electrophysiology of the heart, the extrasystole.
• 11. Circulation: Arterial blood pressure and pulse.
• 12. Effects of adrenaline and acetylcholine.
• 13. Respiration: Donders model; Lung volumes, capacities and dynamic parameters.
• 14. Respiration: Donders model; Lung volumes, capacities and dynamic parameters.
• 15. Measurement of metabolic rate. Basal and actual metabolic rate; Calculation of BMI.
• 16. Measurement of metabolic rate. Basal and actual metabolic rate; Calculation of BMI.
• 17. Seminar: Acid - base regulation.
• 18. Seminar: Acid - base regulation.
• 19. Carbohydrate metabolism: detection of blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test (diabetes mellitus)
• 20. Carbohydrate metabolism: detection of blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test (diabetes mellitus).
• 21. Reproductive physiology: Estrous cycle, menstrual cycle. Pregnancy tests.
• 22. Reproductive physiology: Estrous cycle, menstrual cycle. Pregnancy tests.
• 23. Methods for study central nervous system function: Imaging of neuronal elements.
• 24. Methods for study central nervous system function: Imaging of neuronal elements.
• 25. Methods for study central nervous system function: Electroencephalography, evoked potential.
• 26. Methods for study central nervous system function: Electroencephalography, evoked potential.
• 27. Oral report.
• 28. Oral report.

Seminars

Reading material

Obligatory literature

John E. Hall PhD, Michael E. Hall MD MSc.: Pocket Companion to Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, Guyton Physiology, 14th edition, 2020

Literature developed by the Department

Find and read the relevant chapters in:

Homepage of PTE ÁOK Institute of Physiology: Physiology Lab Practices, and Physiology Lab Practice Worksheets, internet study material, printable notebook

Notes

Find and read the relevant chapters in:

Homepage of PTE ÁOK Institute of Physiology: Physiology Lab Practices, and Physiology Lab Practice Worksheets, internet study material, printable notebook

Recommended literature

Lisa M.J. Lee PhD: Lippincott's Pocket Histology (Lippincott's Pocket Series) Illustrated Edition (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)

M. Réthelyi – J. Szentágothai: Functional Anatomy, First Edition, 2018, ISBN: 978 963 226 685 5 (Medicina)

Thomas M. Jessell Steven A. Siegelbaum: Principles of Neural Science, Sixth Edition, 2021, ISBN 1259642232 (McGraw-Hill)

John E. Hall & Michael E. Hall: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (Elsevier), 14th Edition, 2020, ISBN: 0323597122 (Elsevier)

Conditions for acceptance of the semester

To have the semester signed, students must pass the oral lab report on the 14th week at the time of their scheduled lab practice.

Mid-term exams

To have the semester signed, students must pass the oral lab report on the 14th week at the time of their scheduled lab practice.

Making up for missed classes

The missed lab practice is advised to be covered by joining another group while the same topic is on schedule.

Exam topics/questions

Topics of the theoretical exam:
1.     Introduction to Physiology. Body fluid compartments and blood components. Principles of homeostatic regulation

2.     Functions of blood cellular elements. Blood clotting.

3.     Cellular transport of substances

4.     Basics of cellular excitability: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials

5.     General properties of neurons. Synapses and neurotransmitters

6.     Physiology of Muscle: Basic anatomy; Mechanism and energetics of muscle contraction

7.     Regulation of muscle contraction in skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle

8.     Physiology of heart: Basic anatomy. Cardiac cycle. Pacemaker and conductive system. Fundamentals of ECG

9.     Overview of circulation in the human body (pressure, flow, resistance). Functions of the arterial, venous and lymph systems

10.  Local, humoral and neural control of circulation.   

11.  Respiration: Basic anatomy. Pulmonary ventilation, circulation, and gas exchange  

12.  Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood and tissue fluids. Regulation of respiration.

13.  General principles of gastrointestinal function: anatomy, motility, nervous and humoral control

14.  Secretory functions, digestion and absorption in the alimentary tract

15.  Energy balance, metabolic rate and temperature regulation

16.  General principles of kidney function: Functional anatomy of the urinary tract and urine formation by kidneys

17.  Tubular transport mechanisms of the kidney. Regulation of water and electrolyte excretion. Acid – base regulation

18.  Endocrinology. Pituitary hormones. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal control of hormonal secretion.

19.  Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate and intermediary metabolism.

20.  Adrenocortical hormones, endocrinology of stress

21.  Structure, function and hormonal control of reproductive organs.

22.  Endocrinology of thyroid gland.  Regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis.

23.  The somatic and autonomic nervous system, anatomy, basic physiology

24.  Sensory receptors. Neural circuits for information processing. Somatosensory system. Pain.

25.  The special senses: Vision

26.  The special senses: Hearing. Chemical senses.

27.  Motor and integrative functions

28.  Higher order cortical functions

Topics of the oral lab exam:
1.     Presentation of the main tissue types.

2.     Hematokrit. The morphology of cell types using stained blood film.

3.     Blood groups.

4.     The neuron. Compound and single fiber action potential, conduction velocity (SimNerv).

5.     Summation, superposition, incomplete and complete tetanus (SimMuscle).

6.     Electromyography.

7.     In situ vertebrate heart preparation: cardiac cycle and extrasystole.

8.     Arterial blood pressure and pulse.

9.     Effects of adrenaline and acetylcholine.

10.  Respiration: static parameters (lung volumes and capacities).

11.  Respiration: dynamic parameters. Donders model.

12.  Measurement of metabolic rate: basal and actual metabolic rate. Calculation of BMI.

13.  Carbohydrate metabolism: detection of blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test (diabetes mellitus).  

14.  Reproductive physiology: estrous cycle, menstrual cycle.

15.  Reproductive physiology: pregnancy tests

16.  Methods for study central nervous system function: imaging of neuronal elements

17.  Methods for study central nervous system function: electroencephalography and evoked potential

Study material for the exam is the sum total of information covered in the obligatory textbook, on the homepage of the Institute, as well as knowledge given at the lectures and lab practices.

Figures of the lectures given are available on the homepage of Institute of Physiology and on the Neptun Meet Street.

Examiners

• Buzás Péter
• Gálosi Rita
• Jandó Gábor
• Kertes Erika
• Környei József László
• László Kristóf
• Lengyel Ferenc
• Péczely László Zoltán
• Varga Csaba (Élettan)
• Zelena Dóra Tímea

Instructor / tutor of practices and seminars

• Ernszt Dávid
• KURZUSHOZ RENDELT OKTATÓ
• Lengyel Ferenc