Human Physiology - Lecture

Data

Official data in SubjectManager for the following academic year: 2023-2024

Topic

The goal of the course is to disclose human physiological processes to the students. By means of the knowledge of complex human physiological processes the biotechnology students will also learn the interconnections and mutual influences of physiological systems and they will utilize their knowledge in planning and executing related animal model experiments and pharmaceutical tests.

Lectures

• 1. Concept of homeostasis. Body fluid compartments and blood components. - Dr. Környei József László
• 2. Functions of cellular elements. Blood clotting. Blood groups. - Dr. Kertes Erika
• 3. Characteristics of the circulation in the human body. - Dr. Környei József László
• 4. Heart physiology: pacemaker activity, conductive system, electrical activity. - Dr. Környei József László
• 5. Control of circulation. - Dr. Környei József László
• 6. Respiration. Interaction between circulation and respiration. - Dr. Környei József László
• 7. Structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract: digestion and absorption. - Dr. László Kristóf
• 8. Hormonal regulation of the GI tract. - Dr. László Kristóf
• 9. Kidney circulation, glomerular filtration, clearance. - Dr. László Kristóf
• 10. Kidney: tubular transport mechanisms. Volume, osmotic and pH regulation. - Dr. László Kristóf
• 11. Energy balance, metabolic rate and heat regulation. - Dr. Környei József László
• 12. Mechanism of hormone action. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal control of hormonal secretion. - Dr. Lengyel Ferenc
• 13. Structure, function and hormonal control of reproductive organs. - Dr. Lengyel Ferenc
• 14. Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate and intermediary metabolism. - Dr. Lengyel Ferenc
• 15. Endocrinology of stress and adaptation. - Dr. Lengyel Ferenc
• 16. Endocrinology of thyroid gland. Regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. - Dr. Környei József László
• 17. General properties of neurons and their functions. - Dr. Varga Csaba
• 18. Interaction and communication between neurons. Neuronal networks. - Dr. Varga Csaba
• 19. Proprioception, somatosensory mechanisms, pain and temperature sensation. - Dr. Buzás Péter
• 20. Physiology of muscles. Spinal cord reflexes and locomotion. - Dr. Barabás Klaudia
• 21. Coordination of body movements and balance. Extrapyramidal, cerebellar and cortical control of motion. Autonomic nervous system. - Péliné Dr. Kovács Anita
• 22. Structure of the eye, primary sensory processes in the retina and central visual information processing. - Dr. Buzás Péter
• 23. Hearing. - Dr. Buzásné Dr. Telkes Ildikó
• 24. Taste and smell. - Dr. Buzásné Dr. Telkes Ildikó
• 25. Electrical activity of the brain, Electroencephalography, evoked potentials. Sleep-wakefullness. - Dr. Lénárd László Csaba
• 26. Drive and motivation. Control of emotion and mood. - Dr. László Kristóf
• 27. Plasticity and regeneration in the nervous system. Learning and memory. - Dr. Gálosi Rita
• 28. Cerebral dominance. Speech and higher order cortical functions. - Dr. Gálosi Rita

Practices

Seminars

Reading material

Obligatory literature

John E. Hall & Michael E. Hall: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (Elsevier), 14th Edition, 2020, ISBN: 0323597122 (Elsevier)

Literature developed by the Department

Find and read the relevant chapters in:
Homepage of PTE ÁOK Institute of Physiology: Physiology Lab Practices, internet study material, printable notebook, 2021
Homepage of PTE ÁOK Institute of Physiology: Physiology Lab Practice Worksheets , internet study material, printable notebook, 2021

Notes

Find and read the relevant chapters in:
Homepage of PTE ÁOK Institute of Physiology: Physiology Lab Practices, internet study material, printable notebook, 2021
Homepage of PTE ÁOK Institute of Physiology: Physiology Lab Practice Worksheets , internet study material, printable notebook, 2021

Recommended literature

Thomas M. Jessell Steven A. Siegelbaum: Principles of Neural Science, Sixth Edition, 2021, ISBN 1259642232 (McGraw-Hill)
Pocket Companion to Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (Guyton Physiology) 14th Edition by John E. Hall PhD, Michael E. Hall MD MSc. (2020)

Conditions for acceptance of the semester

Maximum of 15 % absence allowed

Mid-term exams

Oral lab report on the 14th week of the semester.

Making up for missed classes

The missed lab practice is advised to be covered by joining another group while the same topic is on schedule.

Exam topics/questions

1. Describe the body fluid compartments and explain the methods used for measurement of body fluid volumes
2. Describe the major plasma proteins and the other non-electrolytic constituents of blood and explain their function in the body
3. Describe the intra- and extracellular ionic components and explain their physiological functions
4. The structure, function and origin of erythrocytes
5. Characterize the various leukocytes indicating their origins and functions. The role of leukocytes in the defence mechanism
6. Origin and function of blood platelets
7. The basic structure and metabolism of haemoglobin and the metabolism of iron
8. Describe the two pathways involved in the initiation of blood coagulation
9. Specific mechanism of clot formation
10. Describe the mechanism of fibrinolysis. Explain the significance of anticlotting mechanism
11. Regulation of H+ ion concentration in the blood
12. A-B-0 blood groups. The Rh blood types
13. Mechanical activity of the heart and the three-component model of heart muscle. Calcium ion movements within the cardiac muscle cell
14. Generators and conductors of impulses in the heart. Refractory periods
15. The sequence of events in the cardiac cycle
16. The human electrocardiogram (ECG). Electrocardiography: bipolar and unipolar leads
17. The heart sounds. Phonocardiography (PCG)
18. Cardiac output: measurement, normal standards and physiological variations
19. Metabolism and energetics of cardiac muscle
20. The heart-lung preparation (Starling's laws)
21. Arterial blood pressure: determinants of normal arterial blood pressure
22. The arterial and the venous pulse. Basic principles of hemodynamics.
23. Circulation through the capillaries
24. The properties, production and the movement of lymph
25. Circulation in the vein. Effect of gravity on circulation
26. The pulmonary circulation. Control of lung vessels
27. The coronary circulation
28. Cerebral circulation. The concept of blood-brain barrier
29. Splanchnic, skeletal muscle and cutane circulation
30. Nervous control of the heart
31. Control mechanisms of the circulatory system: general considerations
32. Local control of the vascular smooth muscle
33. Autoregulation of blood flow in tissues and organs
34. The function and importance of baroreceptors in the regulation of circulation
35. Reflex control mechanisms of circulation
36. Mechanics of respiration (functions of respiratory muscles, compliance, intrathoracic pressures, respiratory volumes)
37. Alveolar air, alveolar ventilation, dead spaces. Function of the respiratory passageways
38. Gaseous exchange in the lungs and tissues
39. O2 and CO2 transport in the body
40. Peripheral and central regulatory mechanisms of respiration. Respiratory reflexes
41. Chemical control of respiration. Acidosis, alkalosis
42. Different types of hypoxia.
43. Describe the origin, composition, function and control of salivary secretion
44. Describe the origin, nature and function of gastric secretion indicating the mechanisms of regulation
45. Mechanism and regulation of gastrointestinal movements
46. Identify the pancreatic secretions, their components, their action and the substrates on which they act. Control mechanism of pancreatic secretion
47. Describe the basic ingredients and functions of the bile indicating the origin and fate of the components and the factors controlling bile secretions and gall bladder functions
48. Identify the components and functions of the intestinal system
49. Describe how carbohydrate is digested and absorbed indicating the enzymes involved
50. Describe how fat is digested and absorbed indicating the enzymes and secretions involved
51. Describe how protein is digested and absorbed indicating the enzymes and secretions involved
52. Dynamics of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration rate. Plasma clearance
53. Renal blood flow. Clearance of PAH. Extraction ratio. Filtration fraction
54. Regulation of renal blood flow and pressure. Renin-angiotensin system
55. Reabsorption and secretion of different substances in the renal tubule. Methods for their investigation
56. Concentrating and diluting mechanisms of the kidney
57. Fluid volume regulation of the body
58. Regulation of concentrations of ions in the extracellular fluid. Regulation of osmolality of body fluids
59. Basal metabolic rate. Describe factors influencing the basal metabolism
60. Define metabolic rate explaining those factors influencing the total expenditure of energy by the body
61. Describe the necessary elements of normal diet
62. The normal body temperature and its physiological variations. Hyperthermia, fever, hypothermia
63. Chemical regulation of body temperature, changes of regulation at low and high environmental temperature
64. Physical regulation of body temperature, changes of regulation at low and high environmental temperature
65. Central regulatory mechanisms of heat production and heat loss
66. Mechanisms of hormone action (receptors, intracellular mediators, cAMP, Ca2+ and diacylglycerol, protein kinases)
67. Mechanism of hormonal regulation. Negative and positive feedback controls in the endocrine system
68. The anterior pituitary hormones. Regulation of pituitary hormone secretions. Pituitary dysfunction
69. Function of growth hormone during development and after adolescence
70. Abnormalities of thyroid secretion. Goitrogens
71. Function of the thyroid gland. Iodine metabolism in the body
72. Hormonal changes during menstrual cycle
73. Hormonal changes during pregnancy. Role of placenta in pregnancy. Foeto-placental unit
74. Hormones of lactation
75. Mechanism of erection and ejaculation. The sexual act (coitus)
76. The function of testis, epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate
77. Regulation of the sexual behaviour. Maternal behaviour
78. Physiological changes at puberty and climacteric
79. Vasopressin and oxytocin. Function of ANH (atrionatriuretic hormone)
80. The effects of prostaglandins
81. The endocrine pancreas
82. Function of insulin in the body. Diabetes mellitus
83. Hormonal control of carbohydrate metabolism
84. Hormonal control of calcium and phosphor homeostasis
85. Hormonal function of the adrenocortical system. Hypophyseal regulation of the adrenocortical system. Stress and the adaptation syndrome
86. Function and regulation of mineralocorticoids
87. Function and regulation of glucocorticoids
88. Consequences of hypo- and hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex. Androgens and oestrogens of the adrenal cortex
89. Hormones of the adrenal medulla. Importance of the sympathoadrenal system
90. Physiology of ontogenesis and ageing.
91. Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction. The regulatory role of calcium ion
92. Mechanical characteristics of muscle. Differentiation of fast and slow twitch muscle fibres. Role of the connective tissue in the function of muscles
93. Mechanism of fatigue
94. Electromyography (EMG)
95. The source of energy for muscle contraction (aerobe and anaerobe processes). Heat production during contraction-relaxation cycle
96. The neuromuscular junction
97. Structural and functional differences between skeletal and smooth muscles. Mechanism of smooth muscle contraction
98. Membrane potential and action potential: explain their ionic mechanisms. Membrane properties of CNS neurons
99. The compound action potential. Conductive properties of various nerve fibres
100. Neurochemistry of synapses, neurotransmitters, postsynaptic receptors and neuromodulators. EPSP, IPSP
101. The myotatic (stretch) reflex. Gamma motoneurons
102. The motor units. Central control of muscle contractions
103. Types of mechanoreceptors and their role in motor control
104. How do cutaneous mechanoreceptors help to explore, learn and know our environment?
105. Somatosensory mechanisms of spinal cord and brain stem
106. Pain mechanisms, central and peripheral components
107. Descendent control (gating) of nociception and of pain reactions
108. Organisation of primary somatosensory cortex, thalamocortical projection and somatotopy
109. The human electroencephalogram (EEG). Evoked potential (EP) technique
110. Neural mechanisms of sleep and correlated somatic, autonomic and bioelectrical phenomena. The role of reticular formation in the sleep-wakefulness cycle
111. The diencephalon (hypothalamus), its motor, autonomic and hormonal regulatory function
112. Hunger and thirst. Central regulatory processes of food and water intake
113. Central mechanisms of locomotion
114. Decerebration rigidity and spinal shock (symptoms and mechanisms)
115. Postural and righting reflexes, their central mechanisms and localisation within the spinal cord, brain stem and neocortex
116. Structure and function of the extrapyramidal system
117. Symptoms after damages of different extrapyramidal structures. Role of neurotransmitters in the extrapyramidal functions
118. Importance of the cerebellum in coordination of movements
119. Cerebellar cortical mechanisms
120. Structure and function of the vestibular system
121. Functions of the autonomic nervous system. Autonomic reflexes
121. Humoral mediators in the autonomic nervous system. Adrenergic, cholinergic and opioid receptors
122. Structures, connections and functions of the limbic system
123. Functions of the motor cortex. Symptoms following its damage
124. Corticospinal (pyramidal) system. Consequences of lesions of the pyramidal pathways and the peripheral motoneuron
125. The concept of drive and motivation. Their integrated neural mechanisms. Reticular activating system
126. Emotions and their central nervous mechanisms
127. The phenomena of operant (instrumental) and classical (Pavlovian) conditioning. Mechanism of reinforcement
128. Electrical and chemical self-stimulation. Rewarding (positive) and punishing (negative) reinforcement. Simple learning processes. Exceptional forms of conditioning
129. Types and disorders of memory functions
130. Cerebral dominance. Lateralisation of functions in the hemispheres. Split-brain examinations
131. Functions of the parietal and temporal association (intrinsic) areas of the neocortex. Symptoms after damages (apraxia, agnosia)
132. Neurophysiological mechanisms of speech. Speech disorders
133. Functions of the frontal lobe (prefrontal intrinsic area)
134. Functions of the temporal lobe (Kluver-Bucy syndrome)
135. Central monoaminergic systems and their functional significance
136. Peripheral auditory mechanisms (conductive apparatus and cochlea)
137. Central auditory pathways, acoustic cortex and related mechanisms
138. Physiological optics
139. The retina. Photoreceptors and neuronal functions in the retina
140. Central visual pathways, the visual cortex and their functions
141. Colour vision. Stereoscopic vision
142. Peripheral and central mechanisms of olfaction
143. Peripheral and central mechanisms of sensation of taste
144. Plasticity in the nervous system.

Study material for the exam is the sum total of information covered in the obligatory textbook, on the homepage of the Institute, as well as knowledge given at the lectures and lab practices.
Figures of the lectures given are available on the homepage of Institute of Physiology and on the Neptun Meet Street.
Important messages on new information will be announced at the lectures and will be sent to you by course mails.
Please always find the current updated information and study materials on the homepage of the Institute of Physiology (physiology.aok.pte.hu).

Examiners

• Dr. Buzásné Dr. Telkes Ildikó
• Dr. Gálosi Rita
• Dr. Kertes Erika
• Dr. Környei József László
• Dr. László Bettina Réka
• Dr. László Kristóf
• Dr. Lengyel Ferenc
• Dr. Péczely László Zoltán
• Dr. Varga Csaba
• Péliné Dr. Kovács Anita

Instructor / tutor of practices and seminars