Data
Official data in SubjectManager for the following academic year: 2024-2025
Course director
-
Zelena Dóra Tímea
professor,
Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Oncodermatology -
Number of hours/semester
lectures: 70 hours
practices: 56 hours
seminars: 0 hours
total of: 126 hours
Subject data
- Code of subject: OAA-EL2-T
- 9 kredit
- General Medicine
- Basic modul
- spring
OAA-AA2-T finished , OAA-EL1-T finished
Course headcount limitations
min. 5 – max. 220
Topic
The most important mission of the Physiology Course in medical education is to familiarize students with the attributes of healthy functions of the living organism.
While acquiring knowledge about the most important functional characteristics of the human body the students can rely on their prior studies in biology, biophysics, chemistry-biochemistry and anatomy.
During the semester we introduce the most important elements of functioning of the organs and organ systems, as well as their cooperation also required to adapting to the environment, and the factors affecting these processes.
Special emphasis is placed on the neural and humoral regulatory processes of these life-functions, which are vital to maintain and preserve the homeostasis of the organism.
With the transfer of all this knowledge we would like to mould a holistic attitude and thinking of students, which will enable them to better understand the functions of the now healthy, however, later dysfunctional human organism.
Lectures
- 1. Regulation of the body's pH I. - Zelena Dóra Tímea
- 2. Regulation of the body's pH II. - Zelena Dóra Tímea
- 3. Principles of hormonal regulation. - Zelena Dóra Tímea
- 4. General characteristics of the hypothalamus-hypophysis system. The neurohypophysis. - Zelena Dóra Tímea
- 5. Growth hormone and prolactin. - Lengyel Ferenc
- 6. Synthesis and breakdown of steroid hormones. Function of the adrenal cortex. - Lengyel Ferenc
- 7. Effects of glucocorticoids. - Lengyel Ferenc
- 8. Physiological mechanisms of stress. - László Kristóf
- 9. Endocrine secretion of the pancreas. - László Kristóf
- 10. Hormonal regulation of intermediary metabolism. - László Kristóf
- 11. Function of the adipose tissue. Basics of body weight regulation. - László Kristóf
- 12. Clinical overview: Diabetes and obesity. - Molnár Gergő Attila
- 13. Thyroid I. - Környei József László
- 14. Thyroid II. - Környei József László
- 15. Regulation of calcium homeostasis. - Környei József László
- 16. Regulation of female reproductive function. - Környei József László
- 17. Male reproductive functions. Physiology of sexual intercourse, fertilization, and the physiology of pregnancy. - Kóbor Péter
- 18. Pregnancy. - Ráczné Mikó-Baráth Eszter
- 19. Childbirth and breastfeeding. - Ráczné Mikó-Baráth Eszter
- 20. Regulation of sexual behavior. Parental behavior. - Kóbor Péter
- 21. Ontogenesis and growth. - Környei József László
- 22. Puberty, menopause, and aging. - Környei József László
- 23. Energy balance. Metabolism. - Kertes Erika
- 24. Body temperature. Fever. - Kertes Erika
- 25. Peripheral and central regulation of body temperature. - Kertes Erika
- 26. Basics of sports physiology. - Kóbor Péter
- 27. Introduction to the physiology of the nervous system, general properties. - Varga Csaba (Élettan)
- 28. Function of the spinal cord I. - Kóbor Péter
- 29. Function of the spinal cord II. - Kóbor Péter
- 30. Cortical motor functions and the pyramidal system. - Lénárd László Csaba (Élettan)
- 31. The extrapyramidal system, basal ganglia I. - Péczely László Zoltán
- 32. The extrapyramidal system, basal ganglia II. - Péczely László Zoltán
- 33. Function of the labyrinth and vestibular nuclei. - Péczely László Zoltán
- 34. Function of the cerebellum I. - Péczely László Zoltán
- 35. Function of the cerebellum II. - Péczely László Zoltán
- 36. The role of the brainstem in motor control. Postural coordination, righting. - Kertes Erika
- 37. Locomotion. - Kertes Erika
- 38. Somatosensory functions. Epicritic and protopathic sensations. - Lénárd László Csaba (Élettan)
- 39. Somatosensory pathways. Anatomy of the thalamus and somatosensory cortex. - Lénárd László Csaba (Élettan)
- 40. Peripheral heat sensation and itching. Physiology of pain I. - Lénárd László Csaba (Élettan)
- 41. Physiology of pain II. - Lénárd László Csaba (Élettan)
- 42. Protection of the eye. Intraocular pressure. Image formation of the eye, refractive errors I. - Jandó Gábor
- 43. Image formation of the eye, refractive errors II. Retinal mechanisms. - Jandó Gábor
- 44. Visual field and visual pathways. Primary visual cortex. - Jandó Gábor
- 45. Central mechanisms of vision. Color vision. - Jandó Gábor
- 46. Depth perception. Eye movements. - Jandó Gábor
- 47. Physiology of the auditory organ I. - Buzásné Telkes Ildikó
- 48. Physiology of the auditory organ II. - Buzásné Telkes Ildikó
- 49. Central nervous system mechanisms of hearing. - Buzásné Telkes Ildikó
- 50. Chemical senses I. Olfaction. - Szabó István (Élettan)
- 51. Chemical senses II. Taste sensation. - Szabó István (Élettan)
- 52. Methods of examination of the central nervous system I. - Varga Csaba (Élettan)
- 53. Methods of examination of the central nervous system II. EEG, evoked responses. - Varga Csaba (Élettan)
- 54. Regulation of wakefulness and sleep. - Varga Csaba (Élettan)
- 55. Regulation of biological rhythms. - Varga Csaba (Élettan)
- 56. Brain activating systems: reticular activating system and neurohormonal control. Monoamines. - Varga Csaba (Élettan)
- 57. Clinical highlights: sleep studies, sleep disorders. - Faludi Béla
- 58. Central regulation of autonomic functions. - László Kristóf
- 59. Integrative role of the hypothalamus. Hunger and thirst. - László Kristóf
- 60. Central organization of behavioral responses: motivation. - László Kristóf
- 61. Anatomy and functions of the limbic system. Reward, dopamine. - Péczely László Zoltán
- 62. Dysfunctions of the limbic system. The role of monoaminergic systems. - Péczely László Zoltán
- 63. Emotions. - Péczely László Zoltán
- 64. Learning and memory I. - László Kristóf
- 65. Learning and memory II. - László Kristóf
- 66. Learning and memory III. Plasticity, developmental neurology, and geriatric neurophysiology. - Varga Csaba (Élettan)
- 67. Function of the frontal and parieto-temporal cortex. - Lénárd László Csaba (Élettan)
- 68. Injuries to the frontal and parieto-temporal cortex. - Lénárd László Csaba (Élettan)
- 69. Physiological mechanisms of thinking and speech. Hemisphere dominance. - Lénárd László Csaba (Élettan)
- 70. Clinical highlights: Organization of cognitive functions. Neuropathology of memory disorders. - Péczely László Zoltán
Practices
- 1. Examination of the renal functions: urinanalysis.
- 2. Examination of the renal functions: urinanalysis.
- 3. Seminar: Calculation of renal clearance.
- 4. Seminar: Measurement methods of the GFR.
- 5. Measurement of the oxygen consumption in the rat.
- 6. Measurement of the oxygen consumption in the rat.
- 7. Measurement of the actual metabolic rate in human.
- 8. Measurement of the actual metabolic rate in human.
- 9. Endocrinology: examination of carbohydrate metabolism.
...
- 10. Endocrinology: examination of carbohydrate metabolism.
- 11. Endocrinology: examination of carbohydrate metabolism.
- 12. Endocrinology: examination of carbohydrate metabolism.
- 13. Endocrinology: reproduction, tests of pregnancy.
...
- 14. Endocrinology: reproduction, tests of pregnancy.
- 15. Endocrinology: reproduction, tests of pregnancy.
- 16. Endocrinology: reproduction, tests of pregnancy.
- 17. Seminar: basic neural functions.
- 18. Seminar: basic neural functions.
- 19. Examination of basic neural functions using computer simulation.
- 20. Examination of neural basic neural functions using computer simulation.
- 21. Examination of peripheral nervous system on nerve preparation.
...
- 22. Examination of peripheral nervous system on nerve preparation.
- 23. Examination of peripheral nervous system on nerve preparation.
- 24. Examination of peripheral nervous system on nerve preparation.
- 25. Examination of human peripheral nervous system: treshold potential, chronaxie, rheobase,
- 26. Examination of human peripheral nervous system: treshold potential, chronaxie, rheobase,
- 27. Examination of human peripheral nervous system: nerve conduction velocity.
- 28. Examination of human peripheral nervous system: nerve conduction velocity.
- 29. Examination of reflexes in human.
- 30. Examination of reflexes in human.
- 31. Examination of somatosensoric system.
- 32. Measurement of reaction time and action time in human.
- 33. Method of stereotaxic surgery
...
- 34. Method of stereotaxic surgery
- 35. Method of stereotaxic surgery
- 36. Method of stereotaxic surgery
- 37. Examinations of special senses: vision
...
- 38. Examinations of special senses: vision
- 39. Examinations of special senses: vision
- 40. Examinations of special senses: vision
- 41. Examinations of special senses: vision
- 42. Examinations of special senses: vision
- 43. Examinations of special senses: vision
- 44. Examinations of special senses: vision
- 45. Examinations of special senses: taste and smell
- 46. Examinations of special senses: taste and smell
- 47. Examinations of special senses: hearing and equilibrium
- 48. Examinations of special senses: hearing and equilibrium
- 49. Electroencephalography in humans
...
- 50. Electroencephalography in humans
- 51. Electroencephalography in humans
- 52. Electroencephalography in humans
- 53. Discussion of the laboratory practicies and oral report.
- 54. Discussion of the laboratory practices and oral report.
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- 55. Discussion of the laboratory practices and oral report.
- 56. Discussion of the laboratory practices and oral report.
Seminars
Reading material
Obligatory literature
John E. Hall & Michael E. Hall: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (Elsevier), 14th Edition, 2020, ISBN: 0323597122 (Elsevier)
Literature developed by the Department
Figures of the lectures given are available on the homepage of Institute of Physiology and on the Neptun Meet Street.
Important messages on new information will be announced at the lectures and will be sent to you by course mails.
Please always find the current updated information and study materials on the homepage of the Institute of Physiology (physiology.aok.pte.hu).
Notes
Homepage of PTE ÁOK Institute of Physiology: Physiology Lab Practices 2, internet study material, printable notebook, 2024
Homepage of PTE ÁOK Institute of Physiology: Physiology Lab Practice Worksheets 2, internet study material, printable notebook, 2024
Recommended literature
Kim Barrett, Susan Barman, Jason Yuan, Heddwen Brooks Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, McGraw-Hill Education 26th Edition (2019)
Thomas M. Jessell Steven A. Siegelbaum: Principles of Neural Science, Sixth Edition, 2021, ISBN: 9781259642234 (McGraw-Hill)
Pocket Companion to Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (Guyton Physiology) 14th Edition by John E. Hall PhD, Michael E. Hall MD MSc. (2020)
Conditions for acceptance of the semester
To have the semester signed, students must pass the oral lab report on the 14th week at the time of their scheduled lab practice, where they have two chances to pass. Students with bonus points are not required to take the oral lab report on the 14th week. If the student has missed between 15 and 25% of the practical classes, an additional test question will be asked in the oral report.
Mid-term exams
Students have two written mid-term tests during the semester, where bonus points can be collected.
Making up for missed classes
The missed lab practice is advised to be covered by joining another group while the same topic is on schedule.
Exam topics/questions
Topics of questions for the theoretical examination:
1. Homeostasis and principles of homeostatic regulation
2. Cellular transport processes
3. Ligands and receptors, signal transduction.
4. The cell's resting membrane potential
5. Formation of action potential in nerve and muscle cells
6. Propagation of the action potential in nerve fibers. Classification of peripheral axons
7. Neurotransmission: function of synapses
8. Function of sensory neurons
9. General characteristics of the autonomic nervous system. The parasympathetic nervous system. Autonomic afferents
10. General characteristics of the autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system. Adrenal medulla
11. Body fluid compartments in humans, their definition, chemical composition
12. Inorganic and organic components of blood
13. Red blood cells, hematocrit, anemia
14. White blood cells (leukocytes) physiological role, blood picture
15. Blood group systems
16. Blood coagulation I: Primary hemostasis and properties of platelet
17. Blood coagulation II: Secondary hemostasis. Mechanisms inhibiting blood clotting. Fibrinolysis
18. Function of the neuromuscular junction. Electromechanical coupling
19. Molecular basis of muscle function; the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction
20. Mechanics, energetics, heat production, and fatigue of muscle function
21. Muscle force regulation, the motor unit, types of skeletal muscle fibers
22. Electrical phenomena of muscle function, electromyography, muscle tone
23. Smooth muscle function. Comparison of muscle types
24. Structural and functional properties of cardiac muscle, cellular electrophysiology
25. Basics of electrocardiography: The pacemaker and conduction system of the heart. Generation of the electrocardiogram
26. Analysis of the electrocardiogram: The 12-lead ECG recording. Analysis of the ECG. Determination of the electrical axis
27. The mechanical cardiac cycle: pressure and volume changes in the heart chambers. Heart sounds
28. Basics of cardiac muscle mechanics, the Frank-Starling law of the heart
29. Basics of hemodynamics and hemorheology. Hemodynamic characterization of individual blood vessels
30. Measurement and determining factors of cardiac output. The Guyton diagram (ventricular and systemic vascular function curve)
31. The function of the arterial system. Blood pressure, pulse
32. Physiology of capillary circulation
33. The venous and lymph circulation. Edema formation
34. Circulatory regulation: local regulation of blood flow
35. Circulatory regulation: short-term, nervous regulation of arterial blood pressure
36. Circulatory control: humoral and long-term control of blood pressure
37. The work and metabolism of the heart, circulation of the coronary arteries
38. Characteristics of cerebral blood circulation and cerebrospinal fluid
39. Blood circulation of skeletal muscle, splanchnic area and skin. Redistribution of circulation
40. Biology and functions of the airways, pressure changes during breathing, dead spaces
41. Respiratory mechanics, respiratory function, respiratory work
42. Pulmonary circulation
43. Gas exchange in lungs and tissues
44. O2 and CO2 transport in the blood, causes and types of hypoxia
45. Chemical regulation of respiration
46. Peripheral and central nervous system mechanisms of respiratory control. Respiratory control reflexes
47. Functions of the gastrointestinal system. Digestive processes in the mouth. Swallowing
48. Digestive processes of the stomach: motor functions of the stomach
49. Digestive processes of the stomach: gastric secretion and its regulation. The exocrine pancreas: secretion and regulation
50. The small intestine: digestion and absorption I. Characteristics of the functioning of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, adaptation of the circulation of the intestinal canal to the function
51. The small intestine: digestion and absorption II. The surface of the small intestine and its function, digestion and absorption of nutrients
52. Physiology of liver function I. Blood supply of the liver, functional units, bile production, role of bile acid salts. The gallbladder
53. Physiology of liver function II. The role of the liver in metabolism. The fate of bilirubin, jaundice. Other functions of the liver
54. Functions of the large intestine. Passage of stool
55. Basic principles of the regulation of the gastrointestinal system
56. The basic principles of proper nutrition: nutritional requirements, protein requirements, dietary fibers, body mass index
57. Nutrition: water, mineral salts, vitamins, regulation of iron turnover
58. Glomerular filtration: factors that determine the quantity and quality of the filtrate
59. Renal blood flow. Regulation of GFR and RBF
60. General characterization of epithelial transport processes in renal tubules
61. Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Renal clearance
62. Renal tubular transport processes of organic substances: glucose, amino acids, ketone bodies, proteins, uric acid, urea, UBG
63. Tubular transport processes of NaCl and water, formation of the medullary osmotic gradient
64. Concentration and dilution of urine, osmoregulation
65. Volume regulation (regulation of Na+ balance and extracellular fluid volume)
66. Regulation of the K+ homeostasis
67. The function of the urinary tract. Regulation of urination
68. Acid-base balance regulation
69. Measurement and disturbances of the acid-base balance
70. Basic principles of humoral regulation
71. General characteristics of the hypothalamus-hypophysis system. The neurohypophysis
72. Growth hormone secretion and prolactin
73. Function of the adrenal cortex: synthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones. Mineralocorticoids and their effects
74. Effects of glucocorticoids
75. Physiological mechanisms of stress
76. Endocrine secretion of the pancreas
77. Hormonal regulation of intermediary metabolism
78. Function of the adipose tissue. Basics of body weight regulation
79. Blood glucose measurement and its clinical relevance
80. Thyroid hormones: synthesis, regulation
81. Effects of thyroid hormones, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
82. Hormonal regulation of calcium and phosphate balance
83. Male reproductive functions. Physiology of coitus, fertilization, and pregnancy
84. Regulation of female reproductive function
85. Endocrinological changes during pregnancy. The placenta and the fetal placental unit
86. Physiology of childbirth and breastfeeding
87. Regulation of sexual behavior. Parental behavior
88. Puberty, menopause and aging
89. Energy balance. Metabolism
90. Body temperature. Peripheral regulation of body temperature
91. Central regulation of body temperature. Hypothermia, hyperthermia, fever
92. General features of the nervous system: organization and homeostasis of nervous system
93. The spinal cord and its role in sensory, motor and integrative functions
94. Spinal cord reflexes: concept of reflex, classification and sexaminationof reflexes. Lesions of spinal cord
95. Cortical motor function and the pyramidal system. Central and peripheral paresis
96. The extrapyramidal system. Basal ganglia
97. How the labyrinth and vestibular nuclei work
98. Cerebellar functions
99. The role of the brainstem in motor functions
100. Postural coordination and locomotion
101. Somatosensory functions. Epicritical and protopathic sensations
102. Somatosensory pathways. Physiology of the thalamus and somatosensory cortex
103. Physiology of pain, function of analgesic pathways
104. Protection of the eyes. The intraocular pressure
105. Optics of the eye, refractive errors
106. Retinal mechanisms
107. Visual field and visual pathways
108. Cortical mechanisms of vision
109. Colour vision and depth perception and their disorders
110. Oculomotor processes
111. Function of the outer and middle ear. Hearing tests
112. Central nervous mechanisms of hearing. Auditory pathways
113. Neurophysiology of smell sensation
114. Neurophysiology of taste sensations
115. Methods of examination of the central nervous system
116. Electroencephalogram (EEG), evoked potentials
117. Regulation of sleep-wake state
118. Biological rhythms. Regulation of the circadian rhythm
119. Activation systems of the brain: reticular activation system and neurohormonal control, monoamines
120. Central regulation of autonomous functions
121. The integrative role of the hypothalamus. Hunger and thirst
122. Organization of behavioral responses in the central nervous system: motivation
123. Anatomy and functions of the limbic system. Reward and Dopamine
124. Central nervous system: Regulation of emotions
125. Learning and its basic mechanisms
126. Memory functions, and neural structures related to memory functions
127. Cellular mechanisms of learning and memory, plasticity
128. Function of the frontal and parieto-temporal cortex
129. Lesion of the frontal and parieto-temporal cortex
130. Physiological mechanisms of mind and language. Hemisphere dominance
Questions for the student lab report:
1. Amount, specific gravity and pH of the urine
2. Glycosuria: its causes and its detection
3. Examination of the urine sediment and evaluation of its results
4. Protein and pus in the urine: their causes and their detection
5. Measurement of the actual metabolic rate in human
6. Measurement of the oxygen consumption in rat.
7. Determination of blood glucose levels. Fasting blood glucose level
8. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
9. Examination of estrus cycle in the rat
10. Tests of pregnancy: Latex probe, Test strip
11. Measurement threshold, chronaxie and rheobase on nerve preparation
12. Recording compound action potential, examination of summation on nerve preparation
13. Determination of nerve refractory period on nerve preparation
14. Examination of electrotonus
15. The law of polar excitation
16. Pflüger’s laws
17. Measuring of threshold, chronaxie and rheobase in humans. Motor point localization
18. Measurement of nerve conduction velocity
19. The muscle-nerve preparation. Direct and indirect electric stimulation of muscle-nerve preparation
20. Examination of effect of curare on a muscle-nerve preparation
21. Reflex tone (Brondgeest’s phenomenon), law of Bell and Magendie
22. Spinal reflexes. Examination of reflexes in human
23. Examination of the somatosensory system (tactile, temperature and pain sensation)
24. Measurement of reaction time and action time in human.
25. Method of stereotaxic surgery
26. Stereotaxic operation and its fields of use in neuroscience and neurosurgery
27. Examination of visual acuity
28. Correction of refractive errors
29. Examination of accommodation
30. Examination of color vision
31. Examination of depth perception. Examination of fusion frequency
32. Visual contrasts, afterimages, color mixing
33. Examination of astigmatism
34. Ophthalmoscopic examination
35. Examination of pupillary responses
36. Examination of the visual field by means of perimetry
37. Audiometry
38. Examination of air and bone conduction (audible inspections)
39. Examination of the tympanic membrane
40. Examination of the nasal cavity, laryngoscopy
41. Examination of taste perception; examination of olfaction
42. Examination of the vestibular system
43. EEG (procedure of EEG examination, types and properties of EEG waves)
44. Properties of physiological EEG in awake and sleeping state
Study material for the final exam is the sum total of information covered in the obligatory textbook, on the homepage of the Institute, as well as knowledge given at the lectures and lab practices.
Examiners
- Barabás Klaudia
- Buzás Péter
- Buzásné Telkes Ildikó
- Gálosi Rita
- Jandó Gábor
- Kecskés Miklós
- Kertes Erika
- Kóbor Péter
- Környei József László
- Kovács Gergely
- Kövesdi Erzsébet
- László Bettina Réka (Csetényi)
- László Kristóf
- Lengyel Ferenc
- Marosné Berta Beáta
- Ollmann Tamás
- Pál József
- Péczely László Zoltán
- Péliné Kovács Anita
- Petykó Zoltán
- Ráczné Mikó-Baráth Eszter
- Sziládiné Fusz Katalin
- Szőcs Szilárd
- Varga Csaba (Élettan)
- Vértes Zsuzsanna
- Zelena Dóra Tímea
Instructor / tutor of practices and seminars
- Barabás Klaudia
- Henn-Mike Nóra
- Hormay Edina Emőke
- Jandó Gábor
- Kertes Erika
- Kóbor Péter
- Környei József László
- KURZUSHOZ RENDELT OKTATÓ
- László Kristóf
- Lengyel Ferenc
- Péczely László Zoltán
- Szabó István (Élettan)
- Szőcs Szilárd
- Varga Csaba (Élettan)
- Vértes Zsuzsanna
- Zagorácz Olga