Seminars in Physiology 1

Data

Official data in SubjectManager for the following academic year: 2023-2024

Topic

The course is a consultation-type seminar related to the Physiology 1 course in groups of a maximum of 10 people. Six times during the semester, following the theme of the physiology lectures, we will help with the understanding and adequate preparation for the physiology exams. During the lessons, following the needs of the students, we will discuss the problematic parts of the core material, and we will help the study of physiology with tests and problem-solving tasks. We recommend the course to dentistry, pharmacy, and general medicine students. The course starts in the 3rd week of the semester.

Lectures

Practices

Seminars

• 1. Elementary physiological processes: Humoral and neuronal regulatory processes. Cellular transport mechanisms.
• 2. Elementary mechanisms of cellular excitability. The autonomic nervous system.
• 3. Skeletal and smooth muscle
• 4. Fluid compartments. The blood
• 5. The heart and the blood circulation
• 6. The heart and the blood circulation
• 7. Respiration and gas exchange
• 8. Respiration and gas exchange
• 9. The gastrointestinal tract
• 10. The gastrointestinal tract
• 11. The renal functions. Acide-base regulation
• 12. The renal functions. Acide-base regulation

Reading material

Obligatory literature

John E. Hall & Michael E. Hall: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (Elsevier), 14th Edition, 2020, ISBN: 0323597122 (Elsevier)

Literature developed by the Department

Notes

Recommended literature

Pocket Companion to Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (Guyton Physiology) 14th Edition by John E. Hall PhD, Michael E. Hall MD MSc. (2020)
Kim Barrett, Susan Barman, Jason Yuan, Heddwen Brooks Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, McGraw-Hill Education 26th Edition (2019)
Thomas M. Jessell Steven A. Siegelbaum: Principles of Neural Science, Sixth Edition, 2021, ISBN: 9781259642234 (McGraw-Hill)

Conditions for acceptance of the semester

Maximum of 15 % absence allowed

Mid-term exams

The classroom activity is included in the assessment of the course. The student must give an oral report during the course at a chosen time.

Making up for missed classes

The missed class is advised to be covered by joining another group.

Exam topics/questions

1. Membrane potential and action potential: explain their ionic mechanisms. Membrane properties of CNS neurons
2. The compound action potential. Conductive properties of various nerve fibres
3. Neurochemistry of synapses, neurotransmitters, postsynaptic receptors and neuromodulators. EPSP, IPSP
4. The neuromuscular junction
5. Structural and functional differences between skeletal and smooth muscles. Mechanism of smooth muscle contraction
6. Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction. The regulatory role of calcium ion
7. Mechanical characteristics of muscle. Differentiation of fast and slow twitch muscle fibres. Role of the connective tissue in the function of muscles
8. Mechanism of fatigue
9. Electromyography (EMG)
10. The source of energy for muscle contraction (aerobe and anaerobe processes). Heat production during contraction-relaxation cycle
11. Describe the body fluid compartments and explain the methods used for measurement of body fluid volumes
12. Describe the major plasma proteins and the other non-electrolytic constituents of blood and explain their function in the body
13. Describe the intra- and extracellular ionic components and explain their physiological functions
14. The structure, function and origin of erythrocytes
15. Characterize the various leukocytes indicating their origins and functions
16. Origin and function of blood platelets
17. The basic structure and metabolism of haemoglobin and the metabolism of iron
18. Describe the two pathways involved in the initiation of blood coagulation
19. Specific mechanism of clot formation
20. Describe the mechanism of fibrinolysis. Explain the significance of anticlotting mechanism
21. Regulation of H+ ion concentration in the blood
22. A-B-0 blood groups. The Rh blood types
23. The role of leukocytes in the defence mechanism
24. Mechanical activity of the heart and the three-component model of heart muscle. Calcium ion movements within the cardiac muscle cell
25. Generators and conductors of impulses in the heart. Refractory periods
26. The sequence of events in the cardiac cycle
27. The human electrocardiogram (ECG). Electrocardiography: bipolar and unipolar leads
28. The heart sounds. Phonocardiography (PCG)
29. Cardiac output: measurement, normal standards and physiological variations
30. Metabolism and energetics of cardiac muscle
31. Ventricular wall tension and the Laplace relationship
32. The heart-lung preparation (Starling`s laws)
33. Arterial blood pressure: determinants of normal arterial blood pressure
34. The arterial and the venous pulse. Basic principles of hemodynamics.
35. Circulation through the capillaries
36. The properties, production and the movement of lymph
37. Circulation in the vein. Effect of gravity on circulation
38. The pulmonary circulation. Control of lung vessels
39. The coronary circulation
40. Cerebral circulation. The concept of blood-brain barrier.
41. Splanchnic circulation
42. Skeletal muscle circulation. Cutaneous circulation
43. Nervous control of the heart
44. Control mechanisms of the circulatory system: general considerations
45. Local control of the vascular smooth muscle
46. Autoregulation of blood flow in tissues and organs
47. The function and importance of baroreceptors in the regulation of circulation
48. Reflex control mechanisms of circulation
49. Mechanisms of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation
50. Mechanics of respiration (functions of respiratory muscles, compliance, intrathoracic pressures, respiratory volumes)
51. Alveolar air, alveolar ventilation, dead spaces. Function of the respiratory passageways
52. Gaseous exchange in the lungs and tissues
53. O2 and CO2 transport in the body
54. Peripheral and central regulatory mechanisms of respiration. Respiratory reflexes
55. Chemical control of respiration. Acidosis, alkalosis
56. Different types of hypoxia. Oxygen treatment. Mechanisms of acclimatisation. Nitrogen narcosis. Decompression sickness
57. Describe the origin, composition, function, and control of salivary secretion
58. Describe the origin, nature, and function of gastric secretion indicating the mechanisms of regulation
59. Mechanism and regulation of gastrointestinal movements
60. Identify the pancreatic secretions, their components, their action and the substrates on which they act. The control mechanism of pancreatic secretion
61. Describe the basic ingredients and functions of the bile indicating the origin and fate of the components and the factors controlling bile secretions and gall bladder functions
62. Identify the components and functions of the intestinal system
63. Describe how carbohydrate is digested and absorbed indicating the enzymes involved
64. Describe how fat is digested and absorbed indicating the enzymes and secretions involved
65. Describe how protein is digested and absorbed indicating the enzymes and secretions involved
66. Basal metabolic rate. Describe factors influencing the basal metabolism
67. Define metabolic rate explaining those factors influencing the total expenditure of energy by the body
68. Describe the necessary elements of a normal diet
69. The normal body temperature and its physiological variations. Hyperthermia, fever, hypothermia
70. Chemical regulation of body temperature, changes of regulation at low and high environmental temperature
71. Physical regulation of body temperature, changes of regulation at low and high environmental temperature
72. Central regulatory mechanisms of heat production and heat loss
73. Dynamics of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration rate. Plasma clearance
74. Renal blood flow. Clearance of PAH. Extraction ratio. Filtration fraction
75. Regulation of renal blood flow and pressure. Renin-angiotensin system
76. Reabsorption and secretion of different substances in the renal tubule. Methods for their investigation
77. Concentrating and diluting mechanisms of the kidney
78. Fluid volume regulation of the body
79. Regulation of concentrations of ions in the extracellular fluid. Regulation of osmolality of body fluids
80. Basal metabolic rate. Describe factors influencing the basal metabolism

Examiners

Instructor / tutor of practices and seminars

• Dr. Barabás Klaudia
• Dr. Buzás Péter
• Dr. Gálosi Rita
• Dr. Jandó Gábor
• Dr. Kecskés Miklós
• Dr. Kertes Erika
• Dr. Kövesdi Erzsébet
• Dr. László Bettina Réka
• Dr. László Kristóf
• Dr. Lengyel Ferenc
• Dr. Ollmann Tamás
• Dr. Pál József
• Dr. Péczely László Zoltán
• Dr. Szabó István
• Dr. Zelena Dóra Tímea