Seminars in Physiology 1

Data

Official data in SubjectManager for the following academic year: 2024-2025

Topic

The course is a consultation-type seminar related to the Physiology 1 course in groups of a maximum of 2 x 12 people. Six times during the semester, following the theme of the physiology lectures, we will help with the understanding and adequate preparation for the physiology exams. During the lessons, following the needs of the students, we will discuss the problematic parts of the core material, and we will help the study of physiology with tests and problem-solving tasks. We recommend the course to dentistry, pharmacy, and general medicine students. The course starts in the 3rd week of the semester.

Lectures

Practices

Seminars

• 1.

  Basic physiological phenomena: Humoral and neural regulation. Cellular transport processes

  - Zelena Dóra Tímea
• 2.

  Stimulus processes. The autonomic nervous system

  - Zelena Dóra Tímea
• 3.

  Skeletal and smooth muscle

  - Ráczné Mikó-Baráth Eszter
• 4.

  Fluid compartments. The blood

  - Ráczné Mikó-Baráth Eszter
• 5. The heart and the blood circulation - Gálosi Rita
• 6. The heart and the blood circulation - Gálosi Rita
• 7.

  Respiration and gas exchange

  - Zelena Dóra Tímea
• 8.

  Respiration and gas exchange

  - Zelena Dóra Tímea
• 9.

  The gastrointestinal tract

  - Buzásné Telkes Ildikó
• 10.

  The gastrointestinal tract

  - Buzásné Telkes Ildikó
• 11.

  The renal functions.

  - Buzás Péter
• 12.

  The renal functions.

  - Buzás Péter

Reading material

Obligatory literature

John E. Hall & Michael E. Hall: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (Elsevier), 14th Edition, 2020, ISBN: 0323597122 (Elsevier)

Literature developed by the Department

Notes

Recommended literature

Pocket Companion to Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (Guyton Physiology) 14th Edition by John E. Hall PhD, Michael E. Hall MD MSc. (2020)

Kim Barrett, Susan Barman, Jason Yuan, Heddwen Brooks Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, McGraw-Hill Education 26th Edition (2019)

Thomas M. Jessell Steven A. Siegelbaum: Principles of Neural Science, Sixth Edition, 2021, ISBN: 9781259642234 (McGraw-Hill)

Conditions for acceptance of the semester

Oral presentation of the course material at a chosen time.

Mid-term exams

Class activity is included in the evaluation. We offer the mid-year grade based on mid-semester activity.

Making up for missed classes

The missed class is advised to be covered by joining another group.

Exam topics/questions

Homeostasis and principles of homeostatic regulation.           

Cellular transport processes. 

Ligands and receptors, signal transduction.  

The cell's resting membrane potential. 

Formation of action potential in nerve and muscle cells. 

Propagation of the action potential in nerve fibers. Classification of peripheral axons. 

Neurotransmission: function of synapses. 

Function of sensory neurons. 

General characteristics of the autonomic nervous system. The parasympathetic nervous system. Autonomic afferents  

General characteristics of the autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system. Adrenal medulla. 

Body fluid compartments in humans, their definition, chemical composition. 

Inorganic and organic components of blood. 

Red blood cells, hematocrit, anemia. 

White blood cells (leukocytes) physiological role, blood picture. 

Blood group systems. 

Blood coagulation I: Primary hemostasis and properties of platelet. 

Blood coagulation II: Secondary hemostasis. Mechanisms inhibiting blood clotting. Fibrinolysis. 

Function of the neuromuscular junction. Electromechanical coupling. 

Molecular basis of muscle function; the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction. 

Mechanics, energetics, heat production, and fatigue of muscle function. 

Muscle force regulation, the motor unit, types of skeletal muscle fibers. 

Electrical phenomena of muscle function, electromyography, muscle tone. 

Smooth muscle function. Comparison of muscle types. 

Structural and functional properties of cardiac muscle, cellular electrophysiology. 

Basics of electrocardiography: The pacemaker and conduction system of the heart. Generation of the electrocardiogram. 

Analysis of the electrocardiogram: The 12-lead ECG recording. Analysis of the ECG. Determination of the electrical axis. 

The mechanical cardiac cycle: pressure and volume changes in the heart chambers. Heart sounds. 

Basics of cardiac muscle mechanics, the Frank-Starling law of the heart. 

Basics of hemodynamics and hemorheology. Hemodynamic characterization of individual blood vessels. 

Measurement and determining factors of cardiac output. The Guyton diagram (ventricular and systemic vascular function curve) 

The function of the arterial system. Blood pressure, pulse. 

Physiology of capillary circulation. 

The venous and lymph circulation. Edema formation. 

Circulatory regulation: local regulation of blood flow. 

Circulatory regulation: short-term, nervous regulation of arterial blood pressure. 

Circulatory control: humoral and long-term control of blood pressure. 

The work and metabolism of the heart, circulation of the coronary arteries. 

Characteristics of cerebral blood circulation and cerebrospinal fluid. 

Blood circulation of skeletal muscle, splanchnic area and skin. Redistribution of circulation. 

Biology and functions of the airways, pressure changes during breathing, dead spaces. 

Respiratory mechanics, respiratory function, respiratory work. 

Pulmonary circulation 

Gas exchange in lungs and tissues. 

O2 and CO2 transport in the blood, causes and types of hypoxia. 

Chemical regulation of respiration. 

Peripheral and central nervous system mechanisms of respiratory control. Respiratory control reflexes. 

Functions of the gastrointestinal system. Digestive processes in the mouth. Swallowing. 

Digestive processes of the stomach: motor functions of the stomach. 

Digestive processes of the stomach: gastric secretion and its regulation. The exocrine pancreas: secretion and regulation. 

The small intestine: digestion and absorption I. Characteristics of the functioning of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, adaptation of the circulation of the intestinal canal to the function. 

The small intestine: digestion and absorption II. The surface of the small intestine and its function, digestion and absorption of nutrients. 

Physiology of liver function I. Blood supply of the liver, functional units, bile production, role of bile acid salts. The gallbladder. 

Physiology of liver function II. The role of the liver in metabolism. The fate of bilirubin, jaundice. Other functions of the liver. 

Functions of the large intestine. Passage of stool. 

Basic principles of the regulation of the gastrointestinal system. 

The basic principles of proper nutrition: nutritional requirements, protein requirements, dietary fibers, body mass index. 

Nutrition: water, mineral salts, vitamins, regulation of iron turnover. 

Glomerular filtration: factors that determine the quantity and quality of the filtrate. 

Renal blood flow. Regulation of GFR and RBF. 

General characterization of epithelial transport processes in renal tubules. 

Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Renal clearance. 

Renal tubular transport processes of organic substances: glucose, amino acids, ketone bodies, proteins, uric acid, urea, UBG. 

Tubular transport processes of NaCl and water, formation of the medullary osmotic gradient. 

Concentration and dilution of urine, osmoregulation. 

Volume regulation (regulation of Na+ balance and extracellular fluid volume). 

Regulation of the K+ homeostasis. 

The function of the urinary tract. Regulation of urination. 1.     Homeostasis and principles of homeostatic regulation.

2.     Cellular transport processes. Humoral regulatory mechanisms.

3.     Membrane phenomena of excitation: equilibrium potential, electrotonic potential.

4.     Formation of action potential in nerve and muscle cells.

5.     Propagation of the action potential in nerve fibers. Classification of peripheral axons.

6.     Neurotransmission: function of synapses.

7.     Function of sensory neurons.

8.     General characteristics of the autonomic nervous system. Adrenal medulla.

9.     Body fluid compartments in humans, their definition, chemical composition.

10.  Inorganic and organic components of blood.

11.  Red blood cells, hematocrit, anemia.

12.  White blood cells (leukocytes) physiological role, blood picture.

13.  Blood group systems.

14.  Blood coagulation and properties of platelet.

15.  Functioning of the neuromuscular junction. Electromechanical coupling. Molecular basis of muscle function.

16.  Mechanics, energetics, heat production, and fatigue of muscle function.

17.  Muscle force regulation, the motor unit, types of skeletal muscle fibers.

18.  Electrical phenomena of muscle function, electromyography, muscle tone.

19.  Smooth muscle function. Comparison of muscle types.

20.  Structural and functional properties of cardiac muscle. The pacemaker and conduction system of the heart.

21.  Basics of electrocardiography, the electrocardiogram.

22.  The mechanical cardiac cycle: pressure and volume changes in the heart chambers. Heart sounds.

23.  Cardiac output. The function of the heart. Blood pressure, pulse.

24.  Basics of hemodynamics and hemorheology. Hemodynamic characterization of individual blood vessels. 

25.  Physiology of capillary circulation.

26.  The venous and lymph circulation. Edema formation.

27.  Circulatory regulation: short-term, nervous regulation of arterial blood pressure. 

28.  Circulatory control: humoral and local control.

29.  Circulation of the coronary arteries. Characteristics of cerebral blood circulation and cerebrospinal fluid.

30.  Blood circulation of skeletal muscle, splanchnic area and skin. Redistribution of circulation.

31.  Biology and functions of the airways, pressure changes during breathing, dead spaces.

32.  Respiratory mechanics, respiratory function, respiratory work.

33.  Pulmonary circulation 

34.  Gas exchange in lungs and tissues.

35.  O2 and CO2 transport in the blood, causes and types of hypoxia.

36.  Chemical regulation of respiration.

37.  Peripheral and central nervous system mechanisms of respiratory control. Respiratory control reflexes.

38.  The gastrointestinal system. Digestive processes in the mouth. Swallowing.

39.  Digestive processes of the stomach: Motor functions of the stomach. Gastric secretion and its regulation.

40.  The exocrine pancreas: secretion and regulation. Digestion and absorption in the small intestine: Functioning of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle. The surface of the small intestine and its function, digestion, and absorption of nutrients.

41.  Physiology of liver function: Bile production of the liver, role of bile acid salts, the gallbladder. The role of the liver in metabolism.

42.  Functions of the large intestine. Passage of stool.

43.  Basic principles of the regulation of the gastrointestinal system.

44.  The basic principles of proper nutrition: nutritional requirements, protein requirements, dietary fibers, body mass index.

45.  Nutrition: water, mineral salts, vitamins, regulation of iron turnover.

46.  Glomerular filtration: factors that determine the quantity and quality of the filtrate.

47.  Renal blood flow. Regulation of GFR and RBF.

48.  General characterization of epithelial transport processes in renal tubules.

49.  Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Renal clearance.

50.  Renal tubular transport processes of organic substances: glucose, amino acids, ketone bodies, proteins, uric acid, urea, UBG.

51.  Tubular transport processes of NaCl and water, formation of the medullary osmotic gradient.

52.  Concentration and dilution of urine, osmoregulation.

53.  Volume regulation (regulation of Na+ balance and extracellular fluid volume). Regulation of the K+ homeostasis.

54.  The function of the urinary tract. Regulation of urination.

Examiners

Instructor / tutor of practices and seminars

• Buzás Péter
• Buzásné Telkes Ildikó
• Gálosi Rita
• Ráczné Mikó-Baráth Eszter
• Zelena Dóra Tímea