Human Physiology - Lecture

Adatok

A Tantárgybejelentőben megadott hivatalos adatok az alábbi tanévre: 2026-2027

Tematika

The Integrative Human Physiology course aims to provide biotechnology students with a comprehensive understanding of the regulation and coordination of human physiological processes, building on their prior basic knowledge of physiology. The course places particular emphasis on humoral and neural regulatory mechanisms that are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis and the preservation of vital functions. By adopting an integrative approach, students gain insight into how organs communicate and influence one another through complex regulatory networks, and how these interactions enable adaptation to environmental changes. This holistic perspective equips future biotechnologists with a solid theoretical foundation for understanding research objectives and experimental strategies, particularly in the medical and pharmaceutical fields.

Előadások

• 1. General principles of endocrine and neuronal regulation of the vital functions I. - Tóth István Balázs
• 2. General principles of endocrine and neuronal regulation of the vital functions II. - Tóth István Balázs
• 3. General vegetative regulation of the vital functions I. - Tóth István Balázs
• 4. General vegetative regulation of the vital functions II. - Tóth István Balázs
• 5. Regulation of cardiorespiratory functions I. - Tóth István Balázs
• 6. Regulation of cardiorespiratory functions II. - Tóth István Balázs
• 7. Cardiorespiratory adaptation, sports physiology I. - Kóbor Péter
• 8. Cardiorespiratory adaptation, sports physiology II. - Kóbor Péter
• 9. Regulation of body fluid volumes, osmolarity. Role of kidneys in homeostasis. I. - Lengyel Ferenc
• 10. Regulation of body fluid volumes, osmolarity. Role of kidneys in homeostasis. II. - Lengyel Ferenc
• 11. Regulation of pH in the body. - Tóth István Balázs
• 12.

  Regulation of gastrointestinal functions: regulatory hormones, enteral nervous system.

  - Kövesdi Erzsébet
• 13. Metabolic homeostasis. Regulation of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Regulation of eating and appetite. I. - Kövesdi Erzsébet
• 14. Metabolic homeostasis. Regulation of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Regulation of eating and appetite. II. - Kövesdi Erzsébet
• 15. Somatosensation and pain I. - Tóth István Balázs
• 16. Somatosensation and pain II. - Tóth István Balázs
• 17.

  Vision I.

  - Mikó-Baráth Eszter
• 18.

  Vision II.

  - Mikó-Baráth Eszter
• 19. Chemosensory processing. - Tóth István Balázs
• 20. Hearing. - Tóth István Balázs
• 21. Regulation of skeletal muscle functions and muscle tone, reflexes. - Kertes Erika
• 22. Motor functions. Balance. I. - Kertes Erika
• 23. Motor functions. Balance. II. - Kertes Erika
• 24. Methods for studying central nervous system functions: Imaging techniques; Electrical activity of the brain, Electroencephalography, evoked potentials. Sleep-wakefulness. I. - Tóth István Balázs
• 25. Methods for studying central nervous system functions: Imaging techniques; Electrical activity of the brain, Electroencephalography, evoked potentials. Sleep-wakefulness. II. - Tóth István Balázs
• 26. Limbic system. Drive and motivation. Emotions. - Pál József
• 27. Learning and memory. Plasticity and regeneration in the nervous system. Higher cognitive functions (speech, associative functions, lateralization). I. - Péliné Kovács Anita
• 28. Learning and memory. Plasticity and regeneration in the nervous system. Higher cognitive functions (speech, associative functions, lateralization). II. - Péliné Kovács Anita

Gyakorlatok

Szemináriumok

A tananyag elsajátításához szükséges segédanyagok

Kötelező irodalom

Saját oktatási anyag

Find and read the relevant chapters on the homepage of the Institute of Physiology: Physiology Lectures, online study material provided by the Institute. Lecturers might provide additional recommended literature on their specific topic during the lectures.

Jegyzet

Find and read the relevant chapters on the homepage of the Institute of Physiology: Physiology Lectures, online study material provided by the Institute. Lecturers might provide additional recommended literature on their specific topic during the lectures.

Ajánlott irodalom

Thomas M. Jessell Steven A. Siegelbaum: Principles of Neural Science, Sixth Edition, 2021, ISBN 1259642232 (McGraw-Hill)

Pocket Companion to Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (Guyton Physiology) 14th Edition by John E. Hall PhD, Michael E. Hall MD MSc. (2020)

A félév elfogadásának feltételei

To have the semester signed, students must attend the lectures.

Félévközi ellenőrzések

There will be no in-semester evaluation.

Távolmaradás pótlásának lehetőségei

There is no possibility to make up missed lectures, lecture slides are available on the Institute's website (physiology.aok.pte.hu).

Vizsgakérdések

1. General principles of the humoral regulation.
2. Structure and function of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system: Central regulation of the endocrine functions.
3. Structure and types of neurons. Electrical properties of the neural membrane and basics of the excitability: resting membrane potential and electrotonic potentials.
4. Action potentials, their conduction. Electrical and chemical synapses. Synaptic events.
5. Basic structure of the nervous system. Somatic and vegetative nervous system. General principles of reflex regulation.
6. The vegetative nervous system: organization of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system and overview of their functions.
7. Vegetative centers and central vegetative regulation. Role of the hypothalamus. Central regulation of body temperature.
8. Regulation of respiration.
9. Local and neural regulation of circulation.
10. Humoral regulation of circulation.
11. Effects of regular training on the cardiovascular system, adaptation to extreme conditions.
12. Effects of regular training on the respiratory system, adaptation to extreme conditions.
13. Concentration and dilution of urine, osmoregulation.
14. Volume regulation. Regulation of Na+ and K+ balance.
15. The pH of the bodily fluids. Maintenance and regulation of the acid-base balance.
16. Humoral regulation of the gastrointestinal system.         
17. Enteral and autonomic nervous system regulation of the gastrointestinal functions.
18. Regulation of intermediary metabolism  (carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism).
19. Neural and hormonal regulation of eating behavior. Hunger and satiety.
20. Structure of the somatosensory system, principles of somatosensation.
21. Somatosensory functions: mechanosensation and thermosensation.
22. Nociception, pain, and analgesia. Itch.
23. Optics of the eye, refractive errors, accommodation.                                                                 
24. Retinal mechanisms of vision. Color vision.
25. Visual pathways and cortical mechanisms of vision.
26. Olfaction.
27. Taste  sensation.
28. Physical characteristics and processing of the sound waves in the auditory system.
29. Encoding and central processing of the auditory information.
30. The motor unit, and muscle force regulation. Electrical phenomena of muscle function, electromyography.       
31. Role of the spinal cord in motor functions, spinal cord reflexes: concept of reflex, classification of reflexes.
32. The role of the brainstem in motor functions. Cortical motor function and the pyramidal system.                                    
33. Role of the basal ganglia and cerebellum in motor control.
34. Function of the labyrinth and vestibular nuclei. Role of the cerebellum in equilibrium.                                                           
35. Brain imaging techniques: basic principles and applications. Microscopic techniques to assess connectivity.
36. Electrical activity of the brain: Electroencephalography, evoked potentials.
37. Circadian rhythms and sleep-wakefulness cycle.
38. Anatomy and functions of the limbic system. Reward, drive and motivation. Emotions.
39. Learning and memory: types, cellular mechanisms, neural structures and their functions. 
40. Plasticity, associative functions, physiological mechanisms of mind and language. Hemisphere dominance.

Study material for the exam is the sum total of information covered by the lectures and lecture handouts, available on the homepage of the Institute. Important messages on new information will be announced at the lectures and will be sent to the students by course mails. Please always find the current updated information and study materials on the homepage of the Institute of Physiology (physiology.aok.pte.hu).

Vizsgáztatók

• Kertes Erika
• Kóbor Péter
• Kovács Gergely
• Kövesdi Erzsébet
• László Kristóf
• Lengyel Ferenc
• Mintál Kitti
• Pál József
• Péczely László Zoltán
• Péliné Kovács Anita
• Tóth István Balázs
• Varga Csaba (Élettan)

Gyakorlatok, szemináriumok oktatói