Human Physiology

Adatok

A Tantárgybejelentőben megadott hivatalos adatok az alábbi tanévre: 2026-2027

Tematika

The primary mission of the Human Physiology course in biotechnology education is to introduce students to the fundamental functional characteristics of the complex network of human physiology, building on their prior knowledge of biology, physics, chemistry, and biochemistry. This knowledge allows them to understand the anatomy and function of each organ and organ system, as well as the normal physiological processes of the body. Understanding physiological processes enables biotechnologists to design experiments, develop biomedical products, and accurately interpret biological data in pharmaceutical and biomedical research. During laboratory practices, students gain experience with basic procedures for studying organ and organ system functions, as well as the analysis and interpretation of experimental results at a basic level.

Előadások

• 1. Introduction to physiology. Body fluid compartments and blood components. Principles of homeostatic regulation. - Lengyel Ferenc
• 2. Functions of blood cellular elements. Blood clotting. - Mintál Kitti
• 3. Cellular transport of substances. - Tóth Attila
• 4. Basics of cellular excitability: Membrane potentials and action potentials. - Kecskés Miklós
• 5. General properties of neurons. Synapses and neurotransmitters. - Kecskés Miklós
• 6. Basic anatomy and physiology of somatic nervous system. - Szabó István (Élettan)
• 7. The autonomic nervous system: anatomy, basic physiology. - Szabó István (Élettan)
• 8. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal control of hormonal secretion. - Barabás Klaudia
• 9. Physiology of muscle: Basic anatomy; Mechanism and energetics of muscle contraction. - Barabás Klaudia
• 10. Regulation of muscle contraction in skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle. - Barabás Klaudia
• 11. Physiology of heart: Basic anatomy. Mechanics of the heart. Cardiac cycle. - László Kristóf
• 12. Physiology of heart: Pacemaker and conductive system. Fundamentals of ECG. - Szabó István (Élettan)
• 13. Overview of circulation in the human body (pressure, flow, resistance). Functions of the arterial, venous and lymphatic systems. - László Kristóf
• 14. Microcirculation. Basic mechanisms of cardiovascular regulation. - László Kristóf
• 15. Respiration: Basic anatomy. Pulmonary ventilation, circulation, and gas exchange. - Petykó Zoltán
• 16. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood and tissue fluids. Basic mechanisms of respiratory regulation. - Petykó Zoltán
• 17. General principles of kidney function: Functional anatomy of the urinary tract and urine formation by kidneys. - Kovács Gergely
• 18. Tubular transport mechanisms of the kidney. - Kovács Gergely
• 19. Basic concepts of pH; pH of body fluids, buffer systems. - Tóth István Balázs
• 20. General principles of gastrointestinal function: anatomy, motility. - Kövesdi Erzsébet
• 21. Secretory functions of the alimentary tract. - Kövesdi Erzsébet
• 22. Digestion and absorption in the alimentary tract. - Kövesdi Erzsébet
• 23. Energy balance, metabolic rate and temperature regulation. - Kövesdi Erzsébet
• 24. Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate and intermediary metabolism. - Barabás Klaudia
• 25. Structure, function and hormonal control of reproductive organs I. - Hormay Edina Emőke
• 26. Structure, function and hormonal control of reproductive organs II. - Hormay Edina Emőke
• 27. Adrenocortical hormones, endocrinology of stress. - Barabás Klaudia
• 28. Endocrinology of thyroid gland. Regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. - Mintál Kitti

Gyakorlatok

• 1. Blood: The morphology of cell types using stained blood film. Hematocrit I.
• 2. Blood: The morphology of cell types using stained blood film. Hematocrit II.
• 3. Blood: Red blood cell count; blood groups I.
• 4. Blood: Red blood cell count; blood groups II.
• 5. Biological data acquisition system. The neuron. Compound and single fiber action potential, conduction velocity (SimNerv/LabTutor) I.
• 6. Biological data acquisition system. The neuron. Compound and single fiber action potential, conduction velocity (SimNerv/LabTutor) II.
• 7. Muscle physiology: Summation, superposition, incomplete and complete tetanus (SimMuscle/LabTutor) I.
• 8. Muscle physiology: Summation, superposition, incomplete and complete tetanus (SimMuscle/LabTutor) II.
• 9. Comparison of skeletal and heart muscle; Fatigue, recruitment; heterometric and homeometric regulation in the heart (SimMuscle; SimHeart) I.
• 10. Comparison of skeletal and heart muscle; Fatigue, recruitment; heterometric and homeometric regulation in the heart (SimMuscle; SimHeart) II.
• 11. Heart: In situ vertebrate heart preparation. Cardiac cycle. The extrasystole. Effects of adrenaline and acetylcholine (catfish/SimHeart) I.
• 12. Heart: In situ vertebrate heart preparation. Cardiac cycle. The extrasystole. Effects of adrenaline and acetylcholine (catfish/SimHeart) II.
• 13. Circulation: Arterial blood pressure, Examination of pulse (pulsoxymeter). Examination of circulation in zebra fish I.
• 14. Circulation: Arterial blood pressure, Examination of pulse (pulsoxymeter). Examination of circulation in zebra fish II.
• 15. Respiration: Donders model; Lung volumes, capacities and dynamic parameters I.
• 16. Respiration: Donders model; Lung volumes, capacities and dynamic parameters II.
• 17. Urinary system: specific gravity and pH; general urinalysis using test strip (protein, blood, Hb, glucose, Bi, Ubg, ketone bodies). Methods of urine collection in animal experiments I.
• 18. Urinary system: specific gravity and pH; general urinalysis using test strip (protein, blood, Hb, glucose, Bi, Ubg, ketone bodies). Methods of urine collection in animal experiments II.
• 19. Seminar: Clearance. Temperature regulation, measurement of body temperature I.
• 20. Seminar: Clearance. Temperature regulation, measurement of body temperature II.
• 21. Carbohydrate metabolism: detection of blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test (diabetes mellitus). Estimation of body composition, calculation of BMI I.
• 22. Carbohydrate metabolism: detection of blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test (diabetes mellitus). Estimation of body composition, calculation of BMI II.
• 23. Reproductive physiology: Estrous cycle, menstrual cycle. Pregnancy tests I.
• 24. Reproductive physiology: Estrous cycle, menstrual cycle. Pregnancy tests II.
• 25. Examination of human reflexes and reaction time. Pupillary reflexes I.
• 26. Examination of human reflexes and reaction time. Pupillary reflexes II.
• 27. Make up of missed classes; Exercise notebook checking; consultation I.
• 28. Make up of missed classes; Exercise notebook checking; consultation II.

Szemináriumok

A tananyag elsajátításához szükséges segédanyagok

Kötelező irodalom

Saját oktatási anyag

Find and read the relevant chapters on the homepage of the Institute of Physiology: Physiology Lectures, Physiology Lab Practices, and Physiology Lab Practice Worksheets, online study material provided by the Institute. Recommended textbook for the course is: the corresponding chapters of the Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology. 13th edition, Pearson Education Ltd. (2022), by Elaine N. Marieb and Suzanne M. Keller. Lecturers might provide additional recommended literature on their specific topic during the lectures.

Jegyzet

Find and read the relevant chapters in:

Homepage of PTE ÁOK Institute of Physiology: Physiology Lab Practices, and Physiology Lab Practice Worksheets, online study material, printable notebook

Ajánlott irodalom

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology. 13th edition, Pearson Education Ltd. (2022), by Elaine N. Marieb and Suzanne M. Keller. Lecturers might provide additional recommended literature on their specific topic during the lectures.
Lisa M.J. Lee PhD: Lippincott's Pocket Histology (Lippincott's Pocket Series) Illustrated Edition (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)

M. Réthelyi – J. Szentágothai: Functional Anatomy, First Edition, 2018, ISBN: 978 963 226 685 5 (Medicina)

Thomas M. Jessell Steven A. Siegelbaum: Principles of Neural Science, Sixth Edition, 2021, ISBN 1259642232 (McGraw-Hill)

John E. Hall & Michael E. Hall: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (Elsevier), 14th Edition, 2020, ISBN: 0323597122 (Elsevier)

A félév elfogadásának feltételei

To have the semester signed, students must attend the lectures and participate in laboratory classes, reach at least a “pass” (2) grade on weekly practical tests, and pass the in-semester Moodle course test.

Félévközi ellenőrzések

In-semester evaluation means written assessments of students' mastery of the Moodle course material and their knowledge during lab practices. Every written assessment consists only of test questions.

Távolmaradás pótlásának lehetőségei

The missed lab practice is advised to be covered by joining another group while the same topic is on schedule. If it is not possible, making up for a lab practice means the completion of the related worksheet and giving an oral report on the related topic at the end of the semester.

Vizsgakérdések

Topics of theoretical exam: 
1. Introduction to physiology. Body fluid compartments and blood components. Principles of homeostatic regulation. 
2. Functions of blood cellular elements. Blood clotting.   
3. Cellular transport of substances. 
4. Basics of cellular excitability: Membrane potentials and action potentials. 
5. General properties of neurons. Synapses and neurotransmitters. 
6. Basic anatomy and physiology of somatic nervous system. 
7. The autonomic nervous system: anatomy, basic physiology. 
8. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal control of hormonal secretion.  
9. Physiology of muscle: Basic anatomy; Mechanism and energetics of muscle contraction. 
10. Regulation of muscle contraction in skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle. 
11. Physiology of heart: Basic anatomy. Mechanics of the heart. Cardiac cycle.  
12. Physiology of heart: Pacemaker and conductive system. Fundamentals of ECG. 
13. Overview of circulation in the human body (pressure, flow, resistance). Functions of the arterial, venous and lymphatic systems. 
14. Microcirculation. Basic mechanisms of cardiovascular regulation.   
15. Respiration: Basic anatomy. Pulmonary ventilation, circulation, and gas exchange. 
16. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood and tissue fluids. Basic mechanisms of respiratory regulation. 
17. General principles of kidney function: Functional anatomy of the urinary tract and urine formation by kidneys. 
18. Tubular transport mechanisms of the kidney.  
19. Basic concepts of pH; pH of body fluids, buffer systems. 
20. General principles of gastrointestinal function: anatomy, motility. 
21. Secretory functions of the alimentary tract.  
22. Digestion and absorption in the alimentary tract. 
23. Energy balance, metabolic rate and temperature regulation. 
24. Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate and intermediary metabolism. 
25. Structure, function and hormonal control of male reproductive system. 
26. Structure, function and hormonal control of female reproductive system.  
27. Adrenocortical hormones, endocrinology of stress. 
28. Endocrinology of thyroid gland. Regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. 

Topics of lab exam: 
1. The morphology of cell types using stained blood film.  
2. Hematocrit. Red blood cell counting. 
3. Blood group determination.  
4. The neuron: Compound and single-fiber action potential, conduction velocity.  
5. Summation, superposition, incomplete and complete tetanus.  
6. Recruitment; fatigue. Heterometric and homeometric regulation in the heart. 
7. In situ vertebrate heart preparation: cardiac cycle and extrasystole. Thermal stimuli. 
8. Effects of adrenaline and acetylcholine on the heart. Examination of circulation in zebrafish. 
9. Arterial blood pressure. Examination of the pulse.  
10. Respiration: static parameters (lung volumes and capacities).  
11. Respiration: dynamic parameters. Donders model.  
12. Specific gravity and pH of the urine. General urinalysis using test strip.  
13. Estimation of body composition; Calculation of BMI.  Measurement of body temperature. 
14. Carbohydrate metabolism: detection of blood glucose; Oral glucose tolerance test. Effect of food on blood glucose level.    
15. Reproductive physiology: estrous cycle, menstrual cycle.  
16. Reproductive physiology: pregnancy hormones, pregnancy tests.  
17. Examination of human reflexes.  
18. Measurement of reaction time. Pupillary reflexes. 

Study material for the exam is the sum total of information covered in the recommended textbook, on the homepage of the Institute, as well as knowledge given at the lectures and lab practices. Figures of the lectures are available on the homepage of the Institute of Physiology. Important messages on new information will be announced at the lectures and will be sent to the students by course mails. Please always find the current updated information and study materials on the homepage of the Institute of Physiology (physiology.aok.pte.hu).

Vizsgáztatók

• Barabás Klaudia
• Buzás Péter
• Hormay Edina Emőke
• Jandó Gábor
• Kecskés Miklós
• Kertes Erika
• Kóbor Péter
• Környei József László
• Kovács Gergely
• Kövesdi Erzsébet
• László Kristóf
• Lengyel Ferenc
• Péczely László Zoltán
• Szabó István (Élettan)
• Tóth Attila
• Tóth István Balázs
• Varga Csaba (Élettan)
• Zelena Dóra Tímea

Gyakorlatok, szemináriumok oktatói

• Barabás Klaudia
• Kovács Gergely
• KURZUSHOZ RENDELT OKTATÓ
• Lengyel Ferenc
• Tóth István Balázs